• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2002

The two stage laccase-assisted delignification process led to significant lignin removal in the non-pressurized treatments. It is clearly shown that an alkaline extraction prior to the second laccase treatment significantly increased the overall delignification by ∼15%. This is in line with the contention that the residual lignin has undergone structural changes during the alkaline extraction, and the resulting modified structures are susceptible to the laccase oxidation. In phenolic hydroxyl group, the pre- methylated sample was very responsive to the delignification process. The phenolic hydroxyl groups could be increased during side chain cleavage catalyzed by laccase. This finding demonstrates that the delignification oi etherified structures is an important reaction in the delignificaton by laccase.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.57-70
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• 2005

Chitosan pre-treatment of the fabrics prior to the dyeing processes has been reported to increase the uptake of natural dyestuffs. In this study, cotton, nylon, and PET fabric specimens were pre-treated with chitosan prior to the dyeing (Method 1), or the state of chitosan acid salt formation, coated on the yarn surface, was destroyed prior to the dyeing process by alkaline neutralization process (Method 2). In case of the acid salt formed cotton (Method 1), treated fabrics showed more yellowish color component of cochineal, while alkali-treated (Method 2) cotton showed more uptake of bluish color of cochineal.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.52-57
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• 2004

Preflex beam is a method of construction designed to hold the pre-compressive stresses over the concrete pier by the preflexion load. During the fabrication of the girder, welding causes residual stresses. The welding residual stresses must be relieved in order to generate the accurate compressive pre-stresses. In this study, to determine the thermal distribution characteristics on the girder by welding, both three-dimensional finite element analysis and two-dimensional finite element analysis, in a quasi-steady state, is carried out. After comparing each result between the three-dimensional analysis and the two-dimensional analysis, finite element analysis is carried out against the actual girder, and the welding thermal distribution characteristic over the preflex beam is analyzed. It is possible to provide the input data for the analysis of the welding residual stresses.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2010

In the present paper we develop a mathematical model that facilitates the calculation of reliability of a complex repairable system having three units namely super priority, priority and ordinary. The system is analyzed with the application of Gumbel Hougaard copula when different types of repair possible at a particular state due to deliberate failure. Various reliability measures such as reliability, MTTF and profit function have been evaluated by using supplementary variable and Laplace transform techniques.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-148
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• 2014

In this study, we examined the relationships among years of teaching experience, professional rank, number of courses taken, and knowledge of algebra for teaching (KAT). 338 in-service and 376 pre-service secondary mathematics teachers in China completed a KAT questionnaire. Various statistical techniques were employed to examine these relationships. The pre-service participants teachers performed statistically significantly higher in advanced mathematics knowledge than their in-service counterparts. Among the inservice teachers, senior teachers had scored higher in school mathematics and teaching mathematics, compared with junior teachers. Yet participants' advanced mathematics knowledge decreased as their professional rank advanced or their teaching experience increased. The number of courses taken has significantly positive correlation with school mathematics knowledge and advanced mathematics knowledge. The implications of these findings for mathematics teacher education are discussed.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.02b
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• pp.154-157
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• 1994

The evaluation of diagnostic tests attempts to obtain one or more statistical parameters which can indicate the intrinsic diagnostic utility of a test. Sensitivity. specificity and predictive value are not appropriate for this use. The likelihood ratio has been proposed as a useful measure when using a test to diagnose one of two disease states (e.g. disease present or absent). In this paper, we generalize the likelihood ratio concept to a situation in which the goal is to diagnose one of several non-overlapping disease states. A formula is derived to determine the post-test probability of a specific disease state. The post-test odds are shown to be related to the pre-test odds of a disease and to the usual likelihood ratios derived from considering the diagnosis between the target diagnosis and each alternate in turn. Hence, likelihood ratios derived from comparing pairs of diseases can be used to determine test utility in a multiple disease diagnostic situation.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.274-278
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• 2013

Over the past several years, the building codes that govern commercial building construction have become increasingly prescriptive in nature, specifying detailed information related to the design and installation of the systems, while offering no reasoning behind their prescriptive measures. For example, metal stud framing is commonly used in commercial building construction to create bearing walls and non-bearing partition walls. BIM provides a powerful platform for developing and implementing "pre-planning" tools and methods to facilitate both engineering and administrative controls during construction. This paper discusses the use of BIM to enhance constructability for commercial building construction activities, specifically metal stud framing. Using specific real-world examples this paper demonstrates ways that BIM can be used to foresee potential construction issues and motivates and informs future uses of BIM technologies

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.188.1-188.1
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• 2015

For present investigation Fe/MgO/Fe/Co multilayer stack is grown on Si substrate using e-beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. This stack is irradiated perpendicularly by 120 MeV $Ag^{8+}$ at different fluences ranging from $1{\times}10^{11}$ to $1{\times}10^{13}ions/cm^2$ in high vacuum using 15UD Pelletron Accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi. Magnetic measurements carried out on pre and post irradiated stacks show significant changes in the shape of perpendicular hysteresis which is relevant with previous observation of re-orientation of magnetic moment along the direction of ion trajectory. However increase in plane squareness may be due to the modification of interface structure of stacks. X-ray reflectivity measurements show onset of interface roughness and interface mixing. X-ray diffraction measurements carried out using synchrotron radiation shows amorphous nature of MgO and Co layer in the stack. Peak corresponding body centered Fe [JCPDS-06-0696] is observed in X-ray diffraction pattern of pre and post irradiated stacks. Peak broadening shows granular nature of Fe layer. Estimated crystallite size is $22{\pm}1nm$ for pre-irradiated stack. Crystallite size first increases with irradiation then decreases. Structural quality of these stacks was further studied using transmission electron microscopic measurements. Thickness from these measurements are 54, 36, 23, 58 and 3 nm respectively for MgO, Fe, MgO, Fe+Co and Au layers in the stack. These measurements envisage poor crystallinity of different layers. Interfaces are not clear which indicate mixing at interface. With increase fluence mixing and diffusion was increased in the stack. X-ray absorption spectroscopic measurements carried out on these stacks show changes of Fe valence state after irradiation along with change of O(2p)-metal (3d) hybridized state. Valence state change predicts oxide formation at interface which causes enhanced in-plane magnetization.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.746-753
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• 2005

In order to be efficient teachers should understand the current level of leaners through diagnostic evaluation. However, it is arduous to administer a diagnostic examination in every class because of various limitations. This study examined, the major issues arising from the development of a new science diagnostic evaluation system by incorporating the using knowledge state analysis method. The proposed evaluation system was based on the knowledge state analysis method. Knowledge state analysis is a method where by a distinguished collection of knowledge uses the theory of knowledge space. The theory of knowledge space is very advantageous when analyzing knowledge in strong hierarchies like mathematics and science. It helps teaching plan through methodically analyzing a hierarchy viewpoint for students' knowledge structure. The theory can also enhance objective validity as well as support a considerable amount of data fast by using the computer. In addition, student understanding is improved through individualistic feedback. In this study, an evaluation instrument was developed that measured student learning outcome, which is unattainable from the existing method. The instrument was administered to pre-service physics teachers, and the results of student evaluation was analyzed using the theory of knowledge space. Following this, a revised diagnostic evaluation system for facilitating student individualized learning was constructed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.244-254
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• 2024

PURPOSE. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of a four-item questionnaire using a face rating scale to measure dental trait anxiety (DTA), dental trait fear (DTF), dental state anxiety (DSA), and dental state fear (DSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Participants were consecutively selected from patients undergoing scaling (S-group; n = 47) and implant placement (I-group; n = 25). The S-group completed the questionnaire both before initial and second scaling, whereas the I-group responded on the pre-surgery day (Pre-day), the day of implant placement (Imp-day), and the day of suture removal (Post-day). RESULTS. The reliability in the S-group was evaluated using the test-retest method, showing a weighted kappa value of DTA, 0.61; DTF, 0.46; DSA, 0.67; DSF, 0.52. Criterion-related validity, assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory's trait anxiety and state anxiety, revealed positive correlations between trait anxiety and DTA/DTF (DTA, ρ = 0.30; DTF, ρ = 0.27, ρ: correlation coefficient) and between state anxiety and all four items (DTA, ρ = 0.41; DTF, ρ = 0.32; DSA, ρ = 0.25; DSF, ρ = 0.25). Known-group validity was assessed using the initial data and Imp-day data from the S-group and I-group, respectively, revealing significantly higher DSA and DSF scores in the I-group than in the S-group. Responsiveness was gauged using I-group data, showing significantly lower DSA and DSF scores on post-day compared to other days. CONCLUSION. The newly developed questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity for clinical use, suggesting its usefulness for research on dental anxiety and fear and for providing patient-specific dental care.