• Title/Summary/Keyword: pre-harvest

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Influence of Artificial Rainfall on Wheat Grain Quality During Ripening by Using the Speed-breeding System (세대단축시스템을 이용한 국내 밀 품종의 등숙기 강우에 의한 품질변이 평가)

  • Hyeonjin Park;Jin-Kyung Cha;So-Myeong Lee;Youngho Kwon;Jisu Choi;Ki-Won Oh;Jong-Hee Lee
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.68 no.3
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    • pp.188-196
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    • 2023
  • Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop in Korea, with a per capita consumption of 31.6 kg in 2019. In the southern region, wheat is grown after paddy rice, and it is harvested during the rainy season in mid-June. This timing, in combination with high humidity and untimely rainfall, activates the enzyme alpha-amylase, which breaks down starch in the wheat grains. As a result, sprouted grains have lower quality and value for flour. However, seeds that absorb water before sprouting are expected to maintain better quality. The aim of the study was to identify the critical period during wheat maturation when rainfall has the greatest impact on grain quality, to prevent price declines due to quality deterioration. Two wheat cultivars, Jokyoung and Hwanggeumal, were grown in a speed breeding room, and artificial rainfall was applied at different times after heading (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 days). The proportion of vitreous grains decreased from 40 to 55 days after heading (DAH). Both cultivars had chalky grain sections from 35 DAH, with Hwanggeumal having a higher proportion of vitreous grains. Starch degradation was observed using FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) at 40 DAH for Jokyoung and 50 DAH for Hwanggeumal. Color measurements indicated increased L and E values from 40 DAH, with rain treatment at 55 DAH leading to a significant increase in L values for both cultivars. Ash content increased at 45 DAH, whereas SDSS decreased at 35 DAH. Overall, grain quality from 40 DAH until harvest was found to be affected to the greatest extent by direct exposure of the spikes to moisture. Red wheat showed better quality than white wheat. These findings have implications for the cultivation of high-quality wheat and can guide future research efforts in this area.

Dissipation of Cyclosulfamuron in Rice Paddies (수도 재배환경 중 제초제 Cyclosulfamuron의 잔류특성)

  • Lee, Young-Deuk;Song, Sung-Do
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.269-276
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    • 2001
  • Several experiments including persistence, distribution, leaching, and terminal residue trials were carried out to investigate the behavior of cyclosulfamuron in rice paddies. Cyclosulfamuron was gradually dissipated in two different soils showing the first-order kinetics. Half-lives of the herbicide were calculated to be $17{\sim}30$ and $14{\sim}16$ days under field and laboratory conditions, respectively. In the paddy soil/water system, the residue tended to reside more in the soil phase as time elapsed. Cyclosulfamuron was less persistent in paddy water than in soil with half-lives of 10 and 19 days, respectively. No cyclosulfamuron was leached below 20 cm-deep soil during water percolation with 50 cm hydraulic head, while some downward mobility was observed within the soil column. When EC and SC formulations of cyclosulfamuron were applied to the paddy field at 120 or 150-day pre-harvest intervals, its terminal residues in hulled rice were all less than 0.01 mg/kg, irrespective of formulation type and application timing. In rice straw, however, some residues were found at $<0.02{\sim}0.05$ mg/kg as SC formulation was applied. Rapid dissipation, restricted mobility, and low terminal residues of cyclosulfamuron in rice paddies suggest that no significant residues would be transported or carried over to the non-target environment.

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Effect of Postharvest Treatments on Storage Quality of Buckwheat Sprouts (메밀 새싹채소의 저장품질에 대한 수확 후 처리공정 효과)

  • Lee, Hyun-Hee;Hong, Seok-In;Kim, Dong-Man
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.98-104
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    • 2011
  • The storage quality of fresh buckwheat sprouts, as influenced by pretreatment and packaging within processing steps, was investigated to establish appropriate postharvest handling treatment for the commodity. After harvest, the sprouts were dipped in chlorine water (100 ppm), rinsed twice with clean water, pre-cooled with iced water, de-watered, and packed in plastic trays. Sprout samples taken from each processing step were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 6 days to measure quality attributes. Viable cell counts of mesophilic aerobes and coliform bacteria were lower by about 1 log scale in the postharvest treated samples compared to an untreated control, although the initial microbial reduction due to the postharvest treatments was offset by cell growth during storage. All sprout samples showed a decrease of fresh weight by approximately 4% after 6 days of storage. However, moisture and soluble solid contents were maintained at the initial levels of the sprouts. No significant difference in surface color was observed among sample treatments. For sensory properties including discoloration, wilting, decay, and visual quality, there were no significant differences among sample treatments. The present results suggest that proper postharvest processing treatments can exert positive effects on extending the shelf-life of fresh buckwheat sprout.

Effects on the Shoot Growth and Yield Related to Weed Control Methods at the Peach Orchard (복숭아 과원에서 잡초방제방법이 신초 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sung-Hee;Lee, Ki-Yeol;Lee, Jae-Wung;Shin, Hyun-Man;Kang, Bo-Goo;Park, Yong-Seok;Lee, Jeong Deug
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.134-140
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    • 2015
  • We studied to compare with the effect on the shoot growth and yield relavant to weed control methods in peach. As the results about 10 day intervals and 3 times investigation after each primary treatment, treatment plot of 2 times and 3 times with the herbicide, glufosinate ammonium, were 98.2~98.6% into $10^{th}$ day, 78.6~79.6% into $20^{th}$ day, 40.7~41.1% into $30^{th}$ day, fabric covering treatment showed 100%, 100% and 97.5% and treatment plot of machinery weeding were 92.1%, 56.4% and 36.4%, respectively. Also, we compared shoot growth for pre- and post-harvest. In the results, most of weed control methods showed better growth than control. Thus, the average number of standard fruits for treatment plot of 2 times with the herbicide and that of machinery weeding was different significantly in relation to control. Therefore, we think that the herbicide henceforth is well worth the application because treatment of 2 times or 3 times with the herbicide showed significant the control effect against all of 14 weed species surveyed in peach orchard and thus no inhibition for growth and number of standard fruits in peach trees.

Pesticide residues in chili pepper seeds and their transfer into the seed oil (고추씨 중 농약 잔류와 고추씨 기름으로 농약의 이행)

  • Lee, Mi-Gyung;Kim, Jong Seong
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.317-322
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    • 2016
  • A pesticide mix solution containing difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron was applied 3 times on field grown chili pepper at a fivefold overdose dilution concentration of the spray solution at a pre-harvest interval of 7 day. Difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron were detected at 4.43, 0.334, and 1.56 mg/kg, respectively, in raw chili pepper. Washing with water reduced the residue levels to 91.4, 94.3, and 85.3%, respectively. In dried chili pepper, the residues of difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron were 22.2 mg/kg (processing factor, Pf =5.01), 1.65 mg/kg (Pf =4.94), and 6.54 mg/kg (Pf =4.19). In the seeds, difenoconazole and lambda-cyhalothrin were not detected, and lufenuron was detected at 0.0075 mg/kg (n=1) and <0.005 mg/kg (n=2). Thus the pesticide residues in the seeds was negligible. In the seed oil, difenoconazole and lufenuron residues were 0.0263 and 0.0295 mg/kg, respectively (concentration factors=5.26 and 4.72). These concentration factors supported the theoretical concentration factor of 6.8, assuming that all of compound present in the seed are transferred into the oil.

Monitoring and Safety Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) from Traditional Markets (유통 수삼 중 잔류농약 모니터링 및 안전성 평가)

  • Noh, Hyun Ho;Lee, Jae Yun;Park, Hyo Kyoung;Jeong, Hye Rim;Lee, Jeong Woo;Jin, Me Jee;Choi, Hwang;Yun, Sang Soon;Kyung, Kee Sung
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.23-29
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    • 2016
  • This study was carried out to survey residual characteristics of pesticide in fresh ginsengs collected from 45 markets at 15 regions in Korea using multiresidue analysis with a GC-MS/MS and an LC-MS/MS. After residue analysis was performed, the pesticides detected from ginsengs were quantitated using their analytical methods validated by recovery tests with a GC-ECD/NPD. As a results of analysis of pesticide residue, cypermethrin, fenitrothion, fludioxonil, thifluzamide, and tolclofos-methyl were detected from 16 samples among 45 samples in total, indicating detection rate was 35.6%. Tolclofos-methyl was found to be highest in detection frequency in ginseng. Fenitrothion that has not established maximum residue limit and pre-harvest interval for ginseng was detected. The amounts of all pesticides detected were less than their MRLs. Ratios of estimated daily intakes to acceptable daily intakes of the detected pesticides in ginseng were found to be from 0.03 to 16.67%.

Relationships among Viviporous Germination, Dry-heat Tolerance and Seed Longevity in Milyang 23/Gihobyeo RILs (벼 밀양 23호$\times$기호벼의 재조합 자식계통에서 수발아성,건열 저항성 및 종자수명간 상관관계)

  • Lee, Seung-Yeob;Ahn, Jeong-Ho;Kim, Hyo-Jin;Bae, Jong-Hyang;Eun, Moo-Young
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.421-427
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    • 2006
  • To investigate the relationships among the traits related seed dormancy in rice, viviparous germination, dry-heat tolerance and seed longevity were tested using 164 M/G RILs ($F_{17}$) derived from the cross between Milyang 23 (Indica/Japonica) and Gihobyeo (Japonica). At 40 days after heading, the viviparous germination rates of Milyang 23 and Gihobyeo were 0.0 and 7.0%, respectively. The averaged viviparous germination rate of 164 MIG RILs was 3.2%, and their range was from 0.0 to 50.9%. In dry-heat treatment at $90^{\circ}C$ for 24 h followed by the pre-drying at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 days, Milyang 23 showed higher germinability (98.6%,2.7 days to $T_{50}$) than Gihobyeo (37.6%, 12.9 days to $T_{50}$), and the mean germination rate of 164 M/G RILs was 72.4%. In 54 months after harvest, the germinability in Milyang 23 and Gihobyeo were 90% and 0%, and 71 lines among 164 M/G RILs showed the germinability over 90%. The relationship between seed longevity and dry-heat tolerance was linearly correlated with high positive correlation coefficient. The relationships between seed longevity and viviparous germination, and viviparous germination and dry-heat tolerance were linearly correlated with high negative correlation coefficient. Milyang 23 had higher tolerance against high dry-heat, viviparous germination and long-term storage than Gihobyeo, and 164 M/G RILs showed the medium values of parents.

Effects of Chemicals and Physical Treatment on the Split of Flower Stalk and the Vase Life of Lycoris squamigera and Lycoris radiata (화학약품 및 물리적 처리가 상사화와 석산의 화경갈라짐과 절화수명에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee Jong-Suk;Heo Buk-Gu;Lee Poong-Ok;Park Yun-Jum
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.490-496
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    • 2005
  • This study was conducted to clarify the effects of chemicals and physical treatment on the split of flower stalk and the vase life of Lycoris squamigera and Lycoris radiata. There was no split of flower stalk for the Lycoris squamigera and the Lycoris radiata after the harvest of flowers and the immersion in 4 mM STA solution for 30 minutes. It was effective for the vase life of Lycoris squamigera that cut flower was pre-treated in 4 mM STS solution for 30 minutes and immersed in $5\~10\%$ sucrose + 150 ppm 8-HQS +4 ppm Rox preservative solution. The optimum periods of hot water treatments for the prevention of flower stalk split and the elongation of vase life for the cut flowers were 15 to 25 seconds for the Lycoris squamigera and 5 to 10 seconds for Lycoris radiata. Burning the cut parts of flower stalk for 10 to 30 seconds was effective for the prevention of flower stalk split and the elongation of vase life for the Lycoris squamigera, and 10 to 15 seconds for the Lycoris radiata. The vase lifes of Lycoris squamigera and Lycoris radiata were elongated when flower stalk was cut by an incline of 45 degrees compared with the horizontal cut. And Banding the flower stalks of cut flowers was effective for the prevention of flower stalk split and the elongation of vase life for the Lycoris squamigera and the Lycoris radiata.

Change in Concentrations of Human Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage under Various Temperatures, Salinities, and pH Levels in Seawater (해수 중의 수온, 염분 및 pH에 따른 노로바이러스 및 Male-Specific Coliphage 농도변화)

  • Kim, Poong Ho;Park, Yong Soo;Park, Kunbawui;Kwon, Ji Young;Yu, Hong Sik;Lee, Hee Jung;Kim, Ji Hoe;Lee, Tae Seek
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.49 no.4
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    • pp.454-459
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    • 2016
  • Pre- or post-harvest processing is required to mitigate the risk of norovirus infection mediated by shellfish or seafood. We investigated the environmental resistance of human norovirus (HuNoV) under various conditions of temperature, salinity, and pH in seawater. Male-specific coliphage (MSC) was as the reference virus for all tests. At 4℃, HuNoV GII4 spiked into seawater was continually detected by RT-PCR for 35 days, regardless of salinity or pH level. It maintained nearly stable concentrations, meaning HuNoV can sustain a viral population in seawater long enough to be accumulated by shellfish and other filter feeders during winter. MSC was also stable at 4℃ although viral infectivity dropped sharply after 28 days. The effects of salinity and pH on MSC were indistinct. At 25℃ the detectable period of HuNoV GII4 by RT-PCR in seawater decreased to about one-third or half of the period at 4℃. High salinity (32 psu) and alkaline pH (8.5) were also unfavorable for sustaining HuNoV abundance at 25℃ in seawater. The resistance patterns of MSC to high temperature, high salinity, and alkaline pH were more dramatic and viral infectivity decreased over time, almost in direct proportion to experimental days. MSC was undetectable after 12 days under all salinities and pH levels at 25℃.

Processing factors of azoxystrobin in processed ginseng products (인삼 가공품 중 azoxystrobin의 가공계수)

  • Lee, Jae-Yun;Noh, Hyun-Ho;Lee, Kwang-Hun;Park, Hyo-Kyoung;Oh, Jae-Ho;Im, Moo-Hyeog;Kwon, Chan-Hyeok;Lee, Joong-Keun;Woo, Hee-Dong;Kwon, Ki-Sung;Kyung, Kee-Sung
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.222-229
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the residual characteristics of azoxystrobin in fresh ginseng and calculate its processing factors in processed products, such as dried ginseng, red ginseng and their extracts. Azoxystrobin was sprayed annually onto four-year-old ginseng according to its pre-harvest interval (PHI) for two years. Harvested ginsengs were processed according to the commercially well-qualified conventional methods provided by the Korea Ginseng Corporation. Limits of detection (LODs) of azoxystrobin in fresh ginseng and its processed products were 0.001 and 0.002 mg/kg, respectively. Also limits of quantitation (LOQs) in fresh ginseng and its processed products were 0.003 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. Recoveries of the analytical methods in fresh ginseng and its processed products ranged from 69.3 to 114.8%. Highest residue amounts in fresh ginseng and its processed products were 0.025 and 0.118 mg/kg, respectively. Processing factors of the processed products ranged from 1.85 to 3.17 in four-year-old ginseng and from 2.48 to 5.84 five-year-old ginseng.