• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.512-523
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• 2018

Background: 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (20S-PPD) is a fully deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite and has potent dermal antiaging activity. However, because of its low aqueous solubility and large molecular size, a suitable formulation strategy is required to improve its solubility and skin permeability, thereby enhancing its skin deposition. Thus, we optimized microemulsion (ME)-based hydrogel (MEH) formulations for the topical delivery of 20S-PPD. Methods: MEs and MEHs were formulated and evaluated for their particle size distribution, morphology, drug loading capacity, and stability. Then, the deposition profiles of the selected 20S-PPD-loaded MEH formulation were studied using a hairless mouse skin model and Strat-M membrane as an artificial skin model. Results: A Carbopol-based MEH system of 20S-PPD was successfully prepared with a mean droplet size of 110 nm and narrow size distribution. The formulation was stable for 56 d, and its viscosity was high enough for its topical application. It significantly enhanced the in vitro and in vivo skin deposition of 20S-PPD with no influence on its systemic absorption in hairless mice. Notably, it was found that the Strat-M membrane provided skin deposition data well correlated to those obtained from the in vitro and in vivo mouse skin studies on 20S-PPD (correlation coefficient $r^2=0.929-0.947$). Conclusion: The MEH formulation developed in this study could serve as an effective topical delivery system for poorly soluble ginsenosides and their deglycosylated metabolites, including 20S-PPD.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2022

Background: 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD), one of the main active metabolites of ginseng, performs a broad spectrum of anti-tumor effects. Our aims are to search out new strategies to enhance anti-tumor effects of natural products, including 20(S)-PPD. In recent years, fasting has been shown to be multi-functional on tumor progression. Here, the effects of fasting combined with 20(S)-PPD on hepatocellular carcinoma growth, apoptosis, migration, invasion and cell cycle were explored. Methods: CCK-8 assay, trypan blue dye exclusion test, imagings photographed by HoloMonitorTM M4, transwell assay and flow cytometry assay were performed for functional analyses on cell proliferation, morphology, migration, invasion, apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle. The expressions of genes on protein levels were tested by western blot. Tumor-bearing mice were used to evaluate the effects of intermittent fasting combined with 20(S)-PPD. Results: We firstly confirmed that fasting-mimicking increased the anti-proliferation effect of 20(S)-PPD in human HepG2 cells in vitro. In fasting-mimicking culturing medium, the apoptosis and necrosis induced by 20(S)-PPD increased and more cells were arrested at G0-G1 phase. Meanwhile, invasion and migration of cells were decreased by down-regulating the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in fasting-mimicking medium. Furthermore, the in vivo study confirmed that intermittent fasting enhanced the tumor growth inhibition of 20(S)-PPD in H22 tumor-bearing mice without obvious side effects. Conclusion: Fasting significantly sensitized HCC cells to 20(S)-PPD in vivo and in vitro. These data indicated that dietary restriction can be one of the potential strategies of chinese medicine or its active metabolites against hepatocellular carcinoma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 1999

연구배경: 결핵은 대식세포와 T 림프구가 주로 관여하는 세포성 면역에 의하여 발생되는 대표적인 질환이다. 특히 Th1 또는 Th2 림프구 가농에 의하여 이루어지는 면역반응의 결과에 따라 결핵균에 대한 감수성 또는 저항성이 결정된다. 본 연구는 치료실패 폐결핵환자의 말초혈액단핵구를 PPD 또는 수용성 TSP 항원으로 결핵의 보호면역과 관계가 있는 Th1 반응과 결핵의 감수성과 관계가 있다고 알려진 Th2 반응을 관찰하였다. 방법: 수용성 TSP 항원과 대조항원인 PPD 항원으로 건강인, 폐결핵으로 진단되어 단기치료지침에 의하여 균음 전화된 치료반응 환자 및 치료실패 환자의 말초혈액 단핵구를 대상으로 단핵구 증식반응과 Th1 반응 및 Th2 반응과 각각 관계가 있는 IFN-$\gamma$ 및 RANTES와 MCP-1 mRNA 발현 빈도를 역전사효소 중합효소연쇄반응으로 조사하였다. 결과: PPD 피부반응 양성 건강인 모두는 PPD 또는 TSP 항원에 의하여 자극지수 4 이상의 유의한 증식반응을 보였으나 PPD 음성 건강인 모두는 PPD 또는 TSP 항원에 의하여 자극지수 4 미만의 증식반응을 보였다. 치유된 환자는 80%의 증식반응을 보였으나 치료실패 환자는 PPD 에 의하여 30.8% 그리고 TSP 항원에 의하여 15.4% 만이 자극지수 4 이상의 유의한 증식반응을 보였다. 치유된 환자의 1FN-$\gamma$ mRNA 발현빈도는 90.0% 이었으나 치료실패 환자는 PPD 또는 TSP 항원에 의하여 23.1% 만이 유도되었다. PPD 양성 건강인의 말초혈액단핵구를 PPD, TSP 또는 PHA로 자극하면 RANTES가 모두 발현되었다. 치료실패 환자, PPD 피부반응 음성 및 치유된 환자를 PPD로 발현을 유도한 경우 각각 76.9%, 80.0%로 대상간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 TSP 항원으로 유도하면 건강 대조군 및 치유된 환자에 비하여 치료실패 환자는 46.2%로 발현빈도가 유의하게 감소되었다. 또한 PHA로 자극한 경우에서도 치료실패 환자는 69.2%로 감소하여 IFN-$\gamma$ mRNA 발현율 감소 경향과 유사하였다. 치료실패 환자는 MCP-1의 발현빈도가 치유된 환자에 비하여 유의하게 증가되었다. 치료실패 환자에 있어서 PHA 자극의 53.8% 보다는 PPD 또는 TSP로 자극한 경우에 발현빈도가 각각 76.9%로 높았다. 그러나 PPD 양성 건강인 및 치유된 환자는 PPD 또는 TSP로 유도한 결과 40% 이었으며 PHA로 유도한 경우는 각각 80%와 90%로 결핵균 항원에서 낮은 발현 빈도를 보여 치료실패 환자와 상반되는 결과를 보였다. 결론: 치료실패 환자는 PPD 피부반응 양성 건강인 및 치유된 환자에 비하여 말초혈액단핵구의 증식능, 1FN-$\gamma$ 및 RANTES mRNA 발현빈도가 현저히 감소되어 Th1 반응이 억제되어 있었다. 반면에 MCP-1 mRNA의 발현빈도는 현저히 증가되어 Th2 반응의 증가로 결핵균 사균 능력이 치료실패 환자는 감소되어 있다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2012

Recently, devices like Personal Privacy Devices (PPD) are being employed to avoid the detection of one's location by GPS, and most PPD transmits swept CW signals. However, signals transmitted from PPD may interfere a precise location system based on GPS. Accordingly, in order to reduce interferences by PPD, a technique to locate an interferer is needed. In order to locate an interferer AOA method and TDOA method are generally used, TDOA method is known to be more accurate than AOA method. Unfortunately, TDOA method has a problem of ambiguity in obtaining measurements of swept CW interference. Thus, this paper design a localization algorithm based on TDOA method that can accurately locate an interferer transmitting swept CW signals by resolving problem of ambiguity. In addition, feasibility of the designed algorithm has been verified by simulation results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.305-323
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• 2010

This paper proposes an efficient and yet powerful local descriptor called phase-space partition based descriptor (PPD). This descriptor is designed for the mobile image matching and retrieval. PPD, which is inspired from SIFT, also encodes the salient aspects of the image gradient in the neighborhood around an interest point. However, without employing SIFT's smoothed gradient orientation histogram, we apply the region based gradient statistics in phase space to the construction of a feature representation, which allows to reduce much computation requirements. The feature matching experiments demonstrate that PPD achieves favorable performance close to that of SIFT and faster building and matching. We also present results showing that the use of PPD descriptors in a mobile image retrieval application results in a comparable performance to SIFT.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

On the basis of the 2009 business plan, 20,394 Korean native cattle and beef cattle were carried examination of bovine tuberculosis by using ELISA technique from March to December. As a result, 66 cattle tested positive for tuberculosis and showed 0.32% positive ratio. Intradermal tuberculin test about 66 cases of ELISA positive cattle was carried out, and all of 66 cattle were confirmed as negative. However, when 7 PPD-positive cattle derived from slaughterhouse were tested by 20k ELISA kit and MS ELISA kit, 3 (2 suspect) cattle and 5 cattle showed positive results, respectively. As compared to the results of PPD test, the concordance rates were 43% (71% included suspect) with 20k ELISA kit and 71% with MS ELISA kit.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2013

20S-dihydroprotopanaxadiol (2H-PPD) is a derivative of protopanaxadiol, a glycone of ginsenosides prepared from Panax ginseng. Although ginsenosides and acidic polysaccharides are known to be major active ingredients in ginseng, the immunopharmacological activities of their metabolites and derivatives have not been fully explored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory action of 2H-PPD on the function of monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. 2H-PPD was able to boost the phagocytic uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in macrophages and enhance the generation of radicals (reactive oxygen species) in sodium nitroprusside-treated RAW264.7 cells. The surface levels of the costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 were also increased during 2H-PPD treatment. In addition, this compound boosted U937 cell-cell aggregation induced by CD29 and CD43 antibodies, but not by cell-extracellular matrix (fibronectin) adhesion. Similarly, the surface levels of CD29 and CD43 were increased by 2H-PPD exposure. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that 2H-PPD has the pharmacological capability to upregulate the functional role of macrophages/monocytes in innate immunity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

Background: The roots of Panax ginseng contain noble tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins derived from dammarenediol-II. Dammarene-type ginsenosides are classified into the protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) groups based on their triterpene aglycone structures. Two cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes (CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2) are critical for the production of PPD and PPT aglycones, respectively. CYP716A53v2 is a protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase that catalyzes PPT production from PPD in P. ginseng. Methods: We constructed transgenic P. ginseng lines overexpressing or silencing (via RNA interference) the CYP716A53v2 gene and analyzed changes in their ginsenoside profiles. Result: Overexpression of CYP716A53v2 led to increased accumulation of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in all transgenic roots compared to nontransgenic roots. Conversely, silencing of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in RNAi transgenic roots resulted in reduced CYP716A53v2 transcription. HPLC analysis revealed that transgenic roots overexpressing CYP716A53v2 contained higher levels of PPT-group ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, and Rf) but lower levels of PPD-group ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd). By contrast, RNAi transgenic roots contained lower levels of PPT-group compounds and higher levels of PPD-group compounds. Conclusion: The production of PPD- and PPT-group ginsenosides can be altered by changing the expression of CYP716A53v2 in transgenic P. ginseng. The biological activities of PPD-group ginsenosides are known to differ from those of the PPT group. Thus, increasing or decreasing the levels of PPT-group ginsenosides in transgenic P. ginseng may yield new medicinal uses for transgenic P. ginseng.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2001

목 적 : 최근 국내에서 1998년부터 5TU 대신 2TU를 사용함으로써 결과 판정에 어려움이 있다. 5TU와 2TU에 대한 투베르쿨린 반응 정도는 차이가 있게 마련이나 아직까지 적절한 국내 기준이 마련되어 있지 않은 실정이기에 생후 4주 이내에 경피 다자법으로 BCG를 접종 받은 영아에서의 PPD 1TU, 2TU 및 5TU에 대한 반응을 관찰하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 1월부터 2000년 8월까지 8개월간 순천향대학병원 육아지도회에서 결핵의 가족력, 피부 질환, 영양 장애 및 면역 기능 저하 소견이 없는 건강한 신생아 중 생후 4주 이내에 경피 다자법(Tokyo strain, Japan BCG Laboratory Co.)으로 BCG를 접종한 92명(남아 : 56명, 여아 : 36명)에게 생후 4개월에 PPD 1TU, 2TU 및 5TU로 결핵 피부반응 검사를 시행한 후 그 반응을 관찰하였다. 통계처리는 통계 프로그램인 SPSS 10.0을 이용하여 ANOVA, Chi-square test을 적용하여 P<0.05인 경우 통계적으로 유의하다고 판단하였다. 결 과 : 1) 전체 92명 중 31명에서 1TU, 31명에서 2TU 그리고 30명에서는 5TU를 사용하여 결핵 피부반응 검사를 시행하였다. 1TU로 검사시 경결의 크기가 0 mm인 경우가 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 7 mm, 6 mm 순으로 많았다. 2TU로 검사시 경우 8 mm가 가장 많았으며 그 다음은 3 mm, 6 mm, 10 mm가 많았다. 5TU로 검사시 13 mm와 6 mm가 가장 많았다. 2) 경결의 평균 크기는 PPD 1TU, 2TU 및 5TU로 검사하였을 때 각각 $5.7{\pm}4.2mm$, $7.1{\pm}3.7mm$, $9.2{\pm}4.2mm$로 1TU와 2TU는 통계학적으로 차이가 없었으나 5TU의 경우 PPD 1, 2TU에 비해 평균 경결 크기가 의미 있게 컸다(P<0.05). 3) 경결의 크기가 10 mm 이상인 경우는 1TU에서는 31명 중 6명(19.4%), 2TU에서는 31명 중 9명(29%), 5TU에서는 30명 중 16명(53.3%)이었으며 1TU와 2TU는 통계학적으로 차이가 없었으나 5TU의 경우 PPD 1, 2TU에 비해 의미 있게 많았다(P<0.05). 경결의 크기가 5 mm 이상인 경우는 통계학적 유의성은 없었지만 5TU로 검사시 가장 많았다. BCG 반흔 수는 1TU의 경우 $13.81{\pm}4.48$개, 2TU는 $13.06{\pm}4.18$개, 5TU는 $13.07{\pm}3.07$개로 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 현재 국내에서 사용되고 있는 2TU을 사용한 결핵 피부반응 검사에 대한 새로운 평가 기준이 필요하고 결핵의 진단기준에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 1976

The tuberculin test have been widely utilized to diagnose tuberculosis of the dairy cattle. It was reported that approximately 70% of the dairy cattle with positive tuberculin reaction in Korea had been non-pathogenic lesion. So the studies on the specific method to diagnose tuberculosis of them is really need in Korea. Therefore this study investigated upon the diagnostic method for cattle tuberculosis in the aspect of cellular-immunology. The results obtained in this investigation are summarized as follows: 1. All the tuberculin tests to the swine inoculated with BCG.(B group), Mycobacterium avium (A group) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (S group), respectively, were represented high positive reaction and were no differences in the species of inoculated bacteria. 2. In the migration inhibition test using Iymphocyte in circulating blood of the swine inoculated with three species of acid-fast bacteria respectively, the test to A group was represented slight positive for migration in the presence of $15{\mu}g/ml$-PPD and the other reaction were clear and total positive for migration inhibition in the presence of $25{\mu}g/ml$-PPD or more, and the test to B group was the same results as to A group approximately. The test to S group was represented slight positive for migration inhibition in the presence of $15{\mu}g/ml$-PPD, but the results were the same in the presence of $25{\mu}g/ml$-PPD and $35{\mu}g/ml$-PPD. These results showed that there were remarkable differences between group A, B and group S in the presence of $25{\mu}g/ml$-PPD and $35{\mu}g/ml$-PPD. 3. The transformation rates of lymphocyte in PPD treated tissue culture had no significance without any relation between PPD treatment and non-treatment but A group and B group showed significance. And A group and B group showed high significance in comparison with N group and S group in the LSD examination. 4. The infection rated in lymphocyte of BCG inoculated after 3 days tissue culturing were represented those of high infection but its cellular degeneration rates almost did not change. The infection rates in bacilli in N group and S group were low but after 3 days inoculation it shewed higher cellular degeneration.