• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.116-122
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine whether CD4 T cell responses to citrullinated fibrinogen occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), especially in HLA-DR4-positive subjects. Whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of RA patients and control subjects were stimulated with citrullinated fibrinogen peptides, and T-cell production of proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-${\gamma}$(IFN-${\gamma}$) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A), were measured. In addition, CD4 T cells from RA patients were stimulated with the citrullinated fibrinogen peptide, $Fib-{\alpha}$ R84Cit, identified as a DRB1*0401-restricted T cell epitope in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice, and the degree of T cell activation was examined similarly. No proliferative responses to the citrullinated fibrinogen peptides were observed in whole PBMCs or CD4 T cells from RA patients. Furthermore, no increased production of IFN-${\gamma}$ or IL-17A was found in whole PBMCs or CD4 T cells stimulated with the citrullinated fibrinogen peptides, although these cells responded to recall antigen, a mixture of tetanus toxoid, purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Candida albicans. The results of this study indicate that anti-citrulline immunity in RA patients may be mediated by fibrinogen because there is no evidence of CD4 T cell-mediated immune responses to citrullinated fibrinogen peptides.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1084-1089
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• 2009

This study investigated the changes of saponin and $\beta$-glucan content on the cultured ginseng with mushroom mycelia of Phellinus linteus (PL), Ganoderma lucidum (GL), and Hericium erinaceum (HE). Cultured ginsengs with mushroom mycelia were extracted with 80% ethanol, fractionated with n-buthanol, and analysed for ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Crude saponin content of raw ginseng was 4.11% (d.b) but cultured ginseng with mushroom mycelia of PL, GL, and HE were increased to 6.74, 6.77 and 6.23% (d.b), respectively. Ginsenoside-Rd, among the 12 ginsenosides which were available for analysis, was remarkably increased to 13.61, 24.26, and 32.69 mg/g, respectively (raw ginseng: 0.80 mg/g). The $\beta$-glucan content of cultured ginseng with mushroom mycelia of PL, GL, and HE were decreased to 8.85, 5.51 and 5.46% rather than mushroom mycelia of 29.14, 19.44, and 23.39% (d.b), respectively.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2011

Empyema necessitatis refers to empyema that extends into the extrapleural space through a defect in the pleural surface. Tuberculous empyema necessitatis is a rare complication of tuberculosis. We experienced a 21-month-old boy with tuberculous empyema necessitatis with osteomyelitis in the right $7^{th}$ rib. He presented with a mass on the right lateral chest wall, which was soft and nontender, enlarging for one month. He also had mild fever. The plain radiograph of his chest revealed soft tissue swelling and calcified lymph node on the left axilla, and his PPD skin test was positive. CT scan of the chest showed empyema necessitatis at the right lower chest and upper abdominal walls with osteomyelitis of the right $7^{th}$ rib. He did not have concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. Surgery was performed for diagnosis and treatment. In histopathologic findings, chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseation necrosis was shown and was positive for acid fast bacilli stain. In addition, M. tuberculosis complex was found as etiology by polymerase chain reaction. The patient has been treated with anti-tuberculous medication without any specific complication.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.101-117
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• 2004

현증 결핵환자가 감소하고, 면역억제환자가 증가하고 있는 국내 추세에서 잠복결핵(latent tuberculosis)의 진단 및 치료 지침이 필요한 실정이다. 그러나 결핵의 유병률, 발생률 그리고 비씨지 접종률 등이 외국과 다른 국내의 현실에서 현증이 없는 잠복결핵의 진단 및 치료에 대한 방침은 필연적으로 외국과 다를 수 밖에 없으며, 현 시점에 국내에서 이에 대한 자료가 불충분하여 국내의 환경에 적합한 근거 중심의 지침을 설정하기는 어려운 상황이다. 그러나 결핵의 기본 병태 생리를 근거로 하여 최소한 결핵균 감염 이후 결핵 발병의 위험성이 높은 대상 환자에서는 잠복결핵 진단을 위한 검사를 시행하여 치료 여부를 결정하여야 한다. 고위험군은 사람면역결핍바이러스(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) 감염자, 장기이식환자, 면역억제제를 장기간 사용하는 환자, 6세 이하의 소아 중 최근 전염성 결핵환자 접촉자 등을 우선적으로 고려해야 한다. 미국은 발병 위험도의 고, 중, 저에 따라 투베르쿨린 검사(tuberculin skin test, Mantoux test)의 양성기준을 달리 하여 잠복결핵을 진단하고 있으나, 국내에는 아직 이에 대한 자료가 부족하므로 발병의 위험이 높은 상기 고위험군을 대상으로 하여 PPD RT-23 2TU (Tuberculin unit)를 이용한 피부반응검사에서 10mm이상의 경결(induration)이 생성되는 경우를 양성으로 정하고 추후 연구 결과에 따라 재조정이 필요하다. 그 동안은 투베르쿨린 검사 결과 5-10 mm 사이의 경결반응을 보이는 면역억제 환자에 대하여는 개별적으로 의사의 판단에 따라 잠복결핵의 진단 및 치료 여부를 결정한다. 그러나 면역억제제를 사용하는 등 결핵 발병의 고위험군에서는 피부반응검사상 음성이라도 과거 결핵 치료력이 없이 흉부사진상 명백하게 과거에 결핵을 앓은 흉터가 남아있는 경우(석회화된 1차 결핵 소견은 제외)에는 잠복결핵의 치료를 시행한다. 상기 잠복결핵의 진단 및 검사의 적응증은 최소한 시행하여야 할 경우를 나열한 것으로 이외의 환자에 대하여는 환경 및 대상에 따라 개별화되어야 한다. 치료제로는 isoniazid (INH) 9개월 매일 치료(최소 한 6개월 이상, HIV양성 환자인 경우는 9개월), rifa-mpicin (RFP) 4개월 치료 및 INH/RFP 3개월 매일 치료를 시행할 수 있다. 상기 치료가 어려운 경우에는 RFP/pyrazinamide (PZA) 2개월 매일 치료를 고려할 수 있으나 중증 간독성의 가능성에 대한 철저한 교육 및 추적검사가 필요하다. 향후 국내 환경의 변화 및 연구결과에 따라 추후 부족한 부분에 대한 지침의 재정립이 필요하다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 1996

The effects of gibberilin ($GA_3$) on levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin in both fresh and stratified American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seeds were investigated. In our first experiment, the fresh seeds were stratified after soaked in 80 ppd $GA_3$ solution for 24 hours. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 50.7% and 82.1% respectively at the 120th day and the 188th day of stratification, and the zeatin concentration also increased by 3.8% and 51.6% respectively. In our second experiment, we treated the seeds after 134 days stratification with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then continued to stratify them. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 32.9% and 17.7% respectively at the 164th day and the 208th day of stratification while zeatin concentration increased by 22.7% and 30.6% respectively In our another experiment, we studied the effects of $GA_3$, abscislc acid (ABA) and GA, plus ABA on germination rate of seeds treated with these plant hormones during stratification. We found that when the stratified seeds whose ratio of embryo had reached 75% were treated with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then were allowed to be stratified for another 88 days, the weight and length of embryo (p < 0.05), and germination rate (p < 0.01) increased. In contrast, the 25 ppm ABA treated with for 24 hours was found to Inhibit the growth of embryo (p < 0.05) and reduce the germination rate (p < 0.05) . The experiment of combination treatment of $GA_3$ and ABA showed that $GA_3$ could relieve the inhibitory effects of the ABA on the development of the seeds.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-128
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• 1992

According to the increase of population and industrialization, the quality of our drinking water are becoming worse by the contamination of resources, production of THM and other halogenated hydrocarbons during the purifying process, the problem of corroded water supplying pipeline, and the water reservoir tanks, Many people choose groundwater to drink instead of city tap water, but sometimes we get report about groundwater contamination by wastes, swage, septic tank, etc. It is reported that in U. S. over 20% of population are drinking groundwater, but U. S EPA reported the groundwater contamination by pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizer, and various chemical substances. Craun, et at announced the groundwater contamination by bacteria which are related with poor installation of septic tank. Johnson and Kross mentioned aboutmethemoglobinemia by NO3-N originated from human and animal feces, organic chemicals, and fertilizer, and as the results the infant mortality could be risen. Some scientist also reported the high concentration of metals in groundwaters and some cation and anions, and volatile organic compou nds. Authors investigated 80 groundwaters in urban, agricultural, and industrial area during last 3 month(June - August) to check any drinking water quality parameters are exceeding the standards. The results were as follow. 1, The average value of ammonia nitrate were within the standard, but 11.76% of urban area were exceeded the 10 rpm standard, in agricultural area 42.3175 were exceeded, and in industrial area 20.2% were exceeded the drinking water standard of 10 ppm. the highest concentration was 29.37 ppd in industrial area. 2. The mean value of metals is not exceeded the standard, but there were some groundwater whose Mn value was 0.424 ppm(standard is 0,3 ppm) in urban area, 0.737 rpm in agricultural area, and 5.188 ppm in industrial area. The highest Zn value was 1.221 ppm (standard is 1.0 ppm)was found in industrial area. 3. The percentage of contamination by general bacteria was 8.82% in urban area, 15.38% in agricultural area, and 15.00% in industrial area. Escherichia coil group was also contaminated by 35.29% in urban area, 30.76% in agricultural area, and 30.00% in industrial area. 4, The pH value was within the standard which means there was no influence by acid or alkali chemicals, nor acid rain Through the above results, all the groundwater should be tested to check the safety for drinking water and should make some alternative methods suitable for drink.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidative and nitrite scavenging activities of extracts of Cordyceps militaris. Fruiting body and mycelia of artificially cultivated Cordyceps militaris were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, electron donating ability (EDA) of water extract ranged from 37% to 47% and ethanol extract ranged from 57% to 70% at 300∼1,000 ppm. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, EDA of water extract and ethanol extract were similar, ranged from 19% to 48% at 300-1,000 ppm. Nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of extracts measured at various pH (1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) was the highest at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH, suggesting it is pH dependent. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppm was 23% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 17. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppd was 12% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 1.2. EDA and NSA of Cordyceps milituis were higher in extract of mycelia than fruiting beds and higher in ethanol extract than water extract of each part.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

Compound K (CK) is a final metabolite of panaxadiol ginsenosides. Although panax ginseng is known to have anti-diabetic activity, the active ingredient is not yet fully identified. Therefore, it would be interesting to know whether and how CK has an anti-diabetic activity. First, insulin secretion-stimulating activity of CK was examined using RIN-m5F cell line and primary cultured islets. CK enhanced the insulin secretion in a concentration dependent manner. This effect, however, was almost completely abolished in the presence of diazoxide, $K^+$ channel opener, indicating that the insulin secretion-stimulating activity of CK is presumably due to blockade of ATP sensitive $K^+$ channel. In addition, effects of CK on gene expressions of hepatic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase[PEPCK], glucose-6-phos-phatase[G6Pase]) and on adipocyte differentiation in H4IIE and 3T3-Ll cells, respectively, were examined. CK suppressed the induction of PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA expressions under the dexamethasone/cAMP stimulation condition. CK also reduced the $PPAR-{\gamma}$ mRNA expression and triglyceride accumulation in a dose dependent manner as compared to the control. The present study suggests that CK deserves to examine whether it shows an anti-diabetic activity in animal and human studies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2006

연구배경 IgG에 대한 $Fc{\gamma}$ 수용기는 치주병인균에 대한 숙주 반응에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는데, 이 중 $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$는 NK 세포, 대식세포, 단핵구, ${\gamma}{\delta}T$세포에서 발현되며, EC2 도메인에서 158 아미노산 부위의 valine (V)-phenylalanine (F)의 유전자다형성을 보인다. $Fc{\gamma}RIIIb$는 특이적으로 중성구에 발현되는데, extracellular (ECl) Ig-like 도메인 내 4개의 아미노산 치환(substitutions)에 의한 NA1-NA2 유전자다형성을 보인다. 이 연구의 목적은 한국인에서 급진성 치주염 환자와 $Fc{\gamma}III$ 수용기의 유전자다형성과의 관련성을 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 및 재료 치주적으로 건강한 90명 (대조군, 남자 64명, 여자 26명)과 서울대학교 치과병원 지주과에 내원하여 급진성 치주염으로 진단된 환자 43명 (aggressive periodontitis patients: AgP, 남자 30명, 여자 13명)을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 실험 대상자는 임상 실험에 대해 동의 하였고, 초진 시 전자 탐침(Florida Probe(R) Co. Gainesville, FL)을 이용하여 탐침 시 치주낭 깊이 (PPD), 임상부착수준 (CAL), 치태지수(PI), 탐침 후 출혈지수 (BOP)를 측정하였다. 또한 이들의 정맥혈에서 추출한 DNA를 PCR법, 전기영동법 등을 이용하여 $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$, $Fc{\gamma}RIIIb$의 대립 유전자의 존재여부를 확인하였다. 이를 바탕으로 $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ 복합 유전형을 확인하여 각 군 간을 비교하였다. 연구 결과 1. $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$에 대한 유전자다형성 연구 결과 대조군과 급진성 치주염 환자 군(AgP)사이에서는 대립 유전자 분포가 서로 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었고 (P<0.05), $Fc{\gamma}RIIIb$에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. (P>0.05) 2. $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$ 158F 대립형질이 급진성 치주염 환자에서 유의성 있게 많이 발견되어졌다. (P<0.05) 결론 이 연구를 통하여 $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$ 유전자의 분석이 한국인의 급진성 치주염에 대한 감수성의 위험요소의 표지자로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 향 후 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 히는 추가 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the performance and egg quality of layers. A total of 800 ISA Brown layers of 71 weeks old were assigned to one of the following diets containing 0, 3, 10, 50 or 100 ppm LG-vitamin C, 100ppm free ascorbic acid, 100 ppm Rovimix stay C-35 or 50 ppm LG-vitamin C supplemented with 100 ppm Zn methionine chelate. The feeding trial was conducted for flour weeks during the period of May to June when the average ambient temperature was $23.8^{\circ}C$ (5 :00 PM). Each treatment was replicated five times with 20 birds housed in 2 birds cage units. Vitamin C supplementation did not improve the overall performances (egg Production and egg Quality). Birds fed 100 ppm of LG vitamin C had the lowest egg Production while birds fed 100 ppm of Rovimix-35 had the lowest egg weight among birds fed different sources of vitamin C. Although supplementation of vitamin C over 50 ppm increased soft and broken egg Production, supplementation of 10 ppm LG vitamin C showed lowest soft and broken egg Production among all treatments. E99she11 thickness was highest in the treatment of 50 ppm LG vitamin C. In conclusion, supplementation of vitamin C at the level of 3 ~ 100 ppm did not significantly influence the laying performance and eggshell quality of laying hens under normal ambient(20 ~$26^{\circ}C$ ) condition.