• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 1996

Chicken skins or carcasses inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium were exposed to 0.1 or 0.5% grapefruit seed extracts (DF-100) for 1 or 3 min to evaluate antibacterial activity of DF-100 and its possible application in proultry processing. The numbers of live salmonellae on chicken skins were reduced by 0.8-1.2 logs/cm2 with 0.5% DF-100. Dipping chicken carcasses into 0.5% DF-100 for 3 min reduced salmonelae by 4.3 logs/carcass. Scanning electron microscopy showed that DF-100 killed the cells attached but did not detach cells from the skin. No odor or changes in the color of chicken skin were detected after DF-100 treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3105-3105
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• 2001

Ingests and fecal contamination on a poultry carcass is a food safety hazard due to potential microbiological contamination. A visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer was used to discriminate among pure ingesta and fecal material, breast skin contaminated with ingesta or fecal material and uncontaminated breast skin. Birds were fed isocaloric diets formulated with either maize, mile, or wheat and soybean meal for protein requirements. Following completion of the feeding period (14 days), the birds were humanely processed and eviscerated to obtain ingests from the crop or proventriculus and feces from the duodenum, ceca, and colon portion of the digestive tract. Pure feces and ingesta, breast skin, and contaminated breast skin were scanned from 400 to 2500 nm and analyzed from 400 to 900 nm. Principal component analysis (PCA) of reflectance spectra was used to discriminate between contaminates and uncontaminated breast skin. Results indicate that visible (400 to 760 nm) and NIR 760-900 nm spectra can detect contaminates. From PCA analysis, key wavelengths were identified for discrimination of uncontaminated skin from contaminates based the evaluation of loadings weights.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2016

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chicken skin on the proximate composition, pH, color, texture profile analysis, and sensory properties of chicken nugget. Chicken nugget samples were prepared by adding the following amount chicken skin 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 15%. The moisture and protein contents of the samples decreased with an increase chicken skin levels. And frying yield, redness, yellowness, Hardness, gumminess and chewiness of samples decreased with increasing chicken skin levels. On the other hand, the fat contents and lighteness of sample increased with an increase chicken skin levels. Futhermore, juiciness and overall acceptability increased with an increasing chicken skin levels. Therefore, usages of chicken skin 10% can improve quality properties of chicken nugget.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2008

Fecal contaminations on poultry carcasses, not easily discemable by human eyes, are potential harbor sites of pathogenic Escherichia Coli (E. coli O157:H7). Development of sensitive detection methods for fecal contamination is essential to ensure safe production of poultry products. Fluorescence has been shown to be very sensitive in detecting fecal and other biological substances that can harbor pathogens. In this study, fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of poultry fecal matter were compared with spectra for poultry skin and meat. Results indicated that the combinations of fluorescence intensities at the wavelength of 520 nm, 579 nm, 625 nm, and 635 nm with 411 nm excitation showed above 97% accuracy for differentiation of the contaminants from poultry tissues. Excitation and emission bands determined could be used for constructing a real-time fluorescence imaging device for detection of harmful residues on poultry carcasses.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.966-979
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• 2019

Muscle-based by-products are often undervalued although commonly reported having a high amount of natural bioactive peptides. In this study, elastin was isolated from the protein of broiler hen skin while its hydrolysate was prepared using Elastase. Assessment of antioxidative properties of elastin-based hydrolysate (EBH) was based on three different assays; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical and metal chelating ability. The EBH was purified further using ultrafiltration, gel filtration and Reverse- Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The IC₅₀ of ABTS radical activities for EBH were decreased as EBH further purified using ultrafiltration (EBH III; 0.66 mg/mL)>gel filtration (EB-II; 0.42 mg/mL)>RP-HPLC (EB-II4; 0.12 mg/mL). The sequential identification of the peptide was done by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/ TOF-MS) of the potent fractions obtained from RP-HPLC (EB-II4). The presence of hydrophobic amino acids (Val and Pro) in the peptide sequences could potentially contribute to the high antioxidant activity of EBH. The sequences GAHTGPRKPFKPR, GMPGFDVR and ADASVLPK were identified as antioxidant peptides. In conclusion, the antioxidative potential from poultry skin specifically from elastin is evident and can be explored to be used in many applications such as health and pharmaceutical purposes.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.9-27
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• 2003

This study was performed to measure the effect of carotenoid polarity on absorption and Pigmentation in blood, muscle, and skin of laying hens. Carotenoids used in this study and Polarity were ${\beta}$-8-Apo-carotenoic acid ethyl ester(ACAEE) ＞ astaxanthin ＞ canthaxanthin ＞ ${\beta}$-carotene. The chickens used in this study were 61∼78 weeks old ISA brown laying hens. Experiment #1 was designed to measure the effect of carotenoid level on the accumulation of carotenoids in carcass of laying hens after feeding for 6 weeks. D-carotene was accumulated in skin only at a detectable level when it was fed at 300 mg/kg feed. The skin was pigmented as yellow when it was measured by colorimeter. The concentration of ${\beta}$-carotene in blood was proportional to that in the feed. Pigmentation of muscle by 9-carotene was not effective. Canthaxanthin significantly increased redness of the skin(p＜0.05). However, canthaxanthin did not pigment muscle. The level of canthaxanthin in the blood and skin increased as the concentration in feed increased. ACAEE at 200 and 300 mg/kg feed significantly increased yellowness of the skin(p＜0.05). At all levels of ACAEE used($\geq$50 mg/kg feed) the b values of colorimeter increased. With increases in the contents of ACAEE, the concentration of ACAEE in the blood and skin increased. Compared to ${\beta}$-carotene, ACAEE and canthaxanthin were absorbed 9- and 3-fold more into the blood, respectively. The concentration of ACAEE and canthaxanthin in the skin was 1/10 of those in the blood. The lower were the concentrations of carotenoids in the feed, the higher were the absorption rates(from feed to blood and from blood to skin) The results indicated that the higher was the polarity of carotenoids, the more effective were the absorption and pigmentation. In experiment #2, the effect of carotenoid levels of feed on the accumulation of carotenoids in each body part of laying hens was determined. The colorimeter values for redness and yellowness significantly increased when canthaxanthin was fed at $\geq$50 mg/kg feed(p＜0.05). Breast and thigh were not affected by feeding of canthaxanthin at the levels used. The L values of muscle but not the a and b values were significantly affected by feeding at $\geq$200 mg/kg feed for wings and breasts, respectively. The yellowness of skin and muscle significantly increased when ACAEE was fed at $\geq$ 100 and $\geq$ 200 mg/kg feed, respectively(p＜0.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 1994

The functional properties of mechanically deboned chicken meat(MDCM) from whole carcass, whole carcass without exsanguination, neck without skin, leg hone, and upper back and rib were studied. Also, the effects of adding different levels of gelatin and MDCM to the comminuted meats were investigated. Proximate composition values of MDCM ranged from 54.2 to 68.6% moisture, 14.5 to 19.7% protein, 12.3 to 30.1% fat, and 1.1 to 1.3% ash. The MDCM from leg hone had a higher content of fat, and a lower contents of moisture and protein. The MDCM from neck without skin tended to be opposite to the MDCM from leg hone. The total pigment and myoglobin levels were highest in MDCM from whole carcass without exsanguination such as 3.83 and 0.29 rng /g, and those from the other parts were 1.58~2.93 mg /g and 0. 17~0.31 mg /g, respectively. The emulsifying capacity and water holding capacity were highest in MDCM from neck without skin which contained lower levels of fat, collagen and hydroxyproline, but a higher level of salt soluble protein. The emulsifying capacity of comminuted meat decreased as gelatin content increased. The extractability of hydroxyproline from gelatin showed a higher solubility in acidic solution. The MDCM could he added up to 20% level without detrimentally affecting functional properties of comminuted meats although they had less water holding capacity and cooking loss as the proportion of MDCM increased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) on the performance and the fat pad content in broiler chicks. feeding trial was conducted with 360 birds broiler chicks for 8 weeks. The levels of dietary RPSOM were 0, 5, 10 and 15% and mixed in diet consisting of corn and soybean meal. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and mixed in diet consisting of corn and soybean meal. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and viability were not significantly different among treatments. The percentage of abdominal fat and skin color were not significantly differents among treatments. The results of the feeding trial show that RPSOM can be used within 10% in broiler diet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of natural and synthetic commercial pigments on the growth performances, skin pigmentation and color difference of broiler chicks. Experimental diet was formulated to have isocalories and isonitrogen for experimental period, and xanthophyll concentration in the diet was 8.45g/1on. The experiment was conducted for six weeks with 450 broiler chicks. The birds were assigned to 10 treatment groups and each group had 15 chicks with three replications. Results showed that the types of pigments did not have any effect on body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency. The mortality was lower with higher pigment supplementation and greater in the natural pigment groups than in the synthetic ones. Dressed carcass, abdominal fat pad and gizzard weight were not significantly different among treatments. The pigmentation of shank skin was increased with high pigment supplementations, and the pigmentation effect was greater with synthetic pigments than in natural pigments. In the shank meat or skin, the color difference(L*, a*, b*, c* and h*) was not consistently related to pigmentation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 1991

To investigate the epidemiological trait of listeriosis, Listeria spp were isolated from poultry meat, products and environmental specimens in chicken slaughterhouse. Also determined were isolation rates by the different enrichment procedures, the biochemical properties of isolates. In a total of 307 samples including poultry meat, liver, feathers, feces, chiller water, scalding water overflow and slaughterhouse floor, Listeria spp were isolated predominantly from scalding water overflow (90.0%), body skin before washing (66.7%), liver (20.0%) and feathers(15.0%) However, few Listeria spp were isolated from body skin after washing and feces. The higher isolation rates were obtained in the secondary enrichment procedure (7.2%) than in the primary enrichment (3.9%); after stored the secondary enrichment cultures for 2 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$, Listeria spp were present in 9.8%. The majority of the isolated Listeria spp were identical to those of the standards strains in biochemical and cultural properties. Overall, Listeria spp were present in 13.4% of the specimens tested, and were in order of prevalence of L innocua(11.1%), L monocytogenes(3.3%), L grayi(0.7%) and L murrayi(0.3%).