• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2018

The water containing soluble manganese may cause problems such as discolored water, unpleasant taste, fouling or scaling of pipes in water distribution system, and so on. Conventional water treatment processes using sand filtration or sedimentation after oxidation, however, cannot often meet manganese standard for drinking water. Two types of oxidants, potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), were utilized at the same time for manganese oxidation, and then the precipitated manganese oxides were removed by low pressure membrane filtration in this study. In batch experiments, the multiple injection of both oxidants showed more effective manganese removal than did the single injection using either of them. Moreover, the deterioration of manganese removal at low temperature was less serious for the multiple injection than that for the single injection. Manganese removal by the continuous system of oxidation by multiple injection combined with membrane filtration was higher than those by batch experiments at the same oxidation conditions. In addition, less membrane fouling was observed for membrane filtration with oxidation during continuous membrane filtration than membrane filtration without oxidation. These results indicate that the oxidation by multiple injection coupled with membrane filtration was efficient and applicable to actual water treatment for manganese removal.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.661-666
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• 2009

In this study, total organic carbon (TOC) and potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) demand were examined for raw and finished tap water and the range of $KMnO_4$ demand in drinking water was investigated. By analyzing the relationship between TOC and $KMnO_4$ demand, the applicability of TOC as a drinking water standard and its regulation level was proposed. The average $KMnO_4$ demand was 1.3 mg/L in 4,638 samples from finished drinking water, tap water and finished water from small facilities. $KMnO_4$ demand of 95% of samples was 2.9 mg/L which was 29% of the drinking water standard (10 mg/L). At 12 major drinking water treatment plants, the average $KMnO_4$ demand in July and August was 8.1 and 2.4 mg/L for raw and finished water, respectively. TOC in July and August was 2.0 and 1.15 mg/L for raw and finished water, respectively. The correlation coefficient between $KMnO_4$ demand and TOC was as high as 0.8 in both raw and finished water and $KMnO_4$ demand was twice of TOC in finished water. Because the correlation coefficient and ratio between $KMnO_4$ demand and TOC varied according to season and the characteristics of raw water, it would be difficult to establish TOC standard just from the ratio of $KMnO_4$ demand to TOC. However, it is possible to set the TOC range based on the accumulated $KMnO_4$ demand data or from the satisfactory correlation results. Then, it would be reasonable to establish TOC standard level as 4 ~ 5 mg/L.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2012

실험에 사용한 어미는 2011년 7월 4일 전남 영광군 백수면 하사리에서 채집된 어미를 수송 후 채란하여 3일간 유생 사육한 초기치패 (각장 $196{\pm}14{\mu}m$) 9천 6백만 마리를 사용하였으며, 시험기간은 2010년 7월 7일부터 8월 6일까지 30일간 사육 실험하였다. 실험 개시 전 각 저질개선제의 농도별로 치패의 생존가능 범위 조사 하였고, 농도는 요오드 10 ppm, 과산화수소 5 ppm, 차염소산나트륨 100 ppm, 이산화염소 100 ppm, 과망간산칼륨 5 ppm 으로 실험하였다. 실험 결과 성장은 차염소산나트륨 100 ppm 실험구가 $1.04{\pm}0.26mm$ 로 가장 높았고, 이산화염소 100 ppm 실험구 $1.03{\pm}0.25mm$, 요오드 실험구 $1.01{\pm}0.28mm$ 순이었고, 생존율은 이산화염소 100 ppm 실험구가 31.4% 로 가장 높았고, 차염소산나트륨 실험구 100 ppm 12.1%, 요오드 실험구 10 ppm 11.6%, 과산화수소 실험구 5 ppm 1.5% 순이었으며, 과망간산칼륨 실험구 5 ppm 은 전량 폐사하였다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1997

The Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) by potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate is used as a measure of the organic matter content of a sample. Newly proposed $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ analysis method to be list at Korean Official Method was made from analysis and comparison of the experimental process on Japanese Industrial Standard(JIS), American Open Reflux and Closed Reflux Methods. New $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ method had better the qualitative and reproducible COD results than another methods as a result of the tested four times repeatedly by using Lakes water Plant wastewater. The COD data ratio by $KMnO_{4}$ and $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ methods was 2-3, 3, 2-17 and 3-4 times respectively when its data had compared with the lakes water and treated water of domestic and experimental wastewater, and raw wastewater which is generated at the manufacturing process of 6 steps and treated wastewater of chemistry source. Its ratio indicated to 2-4 and 2-3 times respectively on raw wastewater and plant wastewater of Chemistry, rubber and plastic, fiber, metal molding source. Oxidation ratio of benzene and ethyl benzene by $KMnO_{4}$ method was nearly zero, but the oxidation ratio by $K$_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ method was 50%, 70% respectively. Also, Oxidation ratio of phenol by $KMnO_{4}$ and $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ methods was 80%, 100% respectively, and trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene were not nearly oxidizd by $KMnO_{4}$ and $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ methods. As the above contents, oxidation ratio and COD results by $KMnO_{4}$ and $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ were different from various from various compounds and samples respectively.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.81-92
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• 1999

This study discussed the appropriateness of organic matter indexes such as biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and chemical oxygen demand with potassium permanganate($COD_{Mn}$) in water quality environmental standard of streams and lakes and the applicability of the items to water quality environmental standard to add or substitute COD with potassium dichromate ($COD_{Cr}$) and total organic carbon(TOC) being used as index of organic matter. And indexes of organic matter content and organic carbon concentration were distinguished between dissolved and particulate component in water sample to estimate their effect on pollutants loading in lake and stream. The ratio of $COD_{Cr}$/BOD was 5.1 under BOD concentration 3mg/L in river water quality environmental standard II, and 2.67 above it. This ratio was diminished to 2.04 when BOD concentration was more than 8mg/L, in river quality environmental standard IV. Also the ratio of $COD_{Mn}$/BOD showed 2.16 under 3mg/L(BOD), and 1.1 above it. This ratio is also diminished to 0.84 over 8mg/L(BOD). Accordingly, we should apply this ratio depending on the concentration level to add and change organic matter index of water quality environmental standard newly. The ratio $COD_{Cr}/COD_{Mn}$ both in lake and stream shows 2.37(r=0.986, p<0.001). But the ratios showed range of 2.34~2.50, which is no much difference of this ratio according to $COD_{Mn}$ concentration.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2011년도 30주년 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.177-187
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine some physical and chemical properties of the soil and their relationship to spectroscopic-based (visible range) analytical methods while evaluating soil organic matter fractions and soil quality in degraded and non-degraded soils in a wide range of environments. Soil samples were collected from the different landscape positions of cultivated and noncultivated soils, and the latter from the same landscape positions but with different vegetation, at Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon. The physical and chemical properties of the soils were determined at the SPAL, CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon while the metagenomic properties were determined at the Laboratory of the University of Missourri, Missourri, USA. Bulk density and air dry soil strength values of the soils from the cultivated areas were generally higher than those of the uncultivated areas. Also, soils at the summit generally had lower bulk density and soil strength values than the other landscape positions. Moreover, soils planted to camote (Ipomoea batatas) had higher bulk density and soil strength values compared to soils grown to pepper under the trees. Exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils were generally higher in uncultivated areas than those of the cultivated areas. A similar trend was observed for the potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$)-oxidizable organic C contents determined by spectroscopic method and the total C contents determined by the Walkley-Black method. The $KMnO_4$-oxidizable organic C contents determined by spectroscopic method and the total C contents determined by the Walkley-Black method were closely related ($r=0.631^{**}$). Hence, the former method shows promise in assessing soil quality as it is a rapid test, relatively low cost and can be distributed as a field kit either with a portable spectrometer or with a color chart.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the methods of quality maintenance using modified atmosphere packaging with various quality preservatives at ambient and low temperatures. Ethylene(<1.0ppm) accumulated during modified atmosphere storage of Chinese cabbage using polyethylene film(60$\mu\textrm{m}$) caused quality deterioration such as yellowing and abscission. The addition of potassium permanganate reduced ethylene level and thus extended storage life of l00% at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 140% at 0$^{\circ}C$. To establish the storage conditions of minimally processed sit and vegetables, the experiment was conducted with various quality preservatives and packaging materials. Ceramic film(Zeolite 7%, 60$\mu\textrm{m}$) showed increasing storage life of 50%, reducing total microbial counts of 50% and keeping high appearance quality of minimally processed pears stored at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 0$^{\circ}C$. Minimally processed Chinese cabbage treated with l% CaCl2 at 20$^{\circ}C$, and 1% CaCl2 and 1% NaCl at 0$^{\circ}C$ has a longer storage life of 90% with good maketable quality. Treatment of 1% NaCl for cut Asian penis appeared increased storage life of 100%, decreased cut surface browning and the best overall acceptability by a sensory panel.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.119-121
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• 2002

염화나트륨(NaCl), 포르말린 및 과망간산칼륨(KMnO$_4$)에 대한 나일틸라피아, Oreochromis niloticus의 24시간 급성 독성을 조사하였다. 1. NaCl의 24시간 $LC_{50}$ 값은 18.6$\textperthousand$이었고 95% 신뢰한계의 상한치는 18.7$\textperthousand$ 하한치는 18.5$\textperthousand$었다. 포르말린의 24시간 $LC_{50}$ 값은 152 ppm 이었고, 상한치는 156ppm, 하한치는 148 ppm 이었다. KMnO$_4$의 24시간 $LC_{50}$ 값은 2.09 ppm 이었고 상한치는 2.11 ppm, 하한치는 2.07ppm 이었다. 2. 모든 처리 화합물은 본 종에 대해 좁은 농도 범위 내에서 급성독성 효과를 나타내었으며, 아울러 뚜렷한 농도 의존성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 본 연구에서 사용된 3가지 화합물의 틸라피아 양식에서의 유용성과 연관시켜 논의하였다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2013

On the purpose of helping the inhabitants living in farming, fishing villages, and islands for more safe and hygienic water from simple waterworks, experimental investigations were performed concerning the development of a water purifier with silver nanomaterial packed, having a function of the auto-disinfection. The results show as follows through such filteration and auto-disinfection processes. It is possible to get hygienic and safe water, for example, more than 95% of general bacteria, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms were removed. It is also possible to get good-quality water, for 49.4% of spent potassium permanganate and 85% and 63% of turbidity and conductivity were removed respectively. It is a very effective equipment, for 100% cost reduction of used chemicals was achieved by no-chemical disinfection process and THM was not generated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1971

방사성 낙진에 의한 우리나라 식품의 오염도를 파악할 목적으로 우리나라의 우유중의 스트론튬-90의 양을 측정하였다. 스트론튬의 분석은 발연질산법에 의하였으며, 스트론튬 단위로 결과를 정리하기 위하여 칼슘의 함량도 동시에 정량하였다. 방사능의 측정은 $^{90}$ Sr＋$^{90}$ Y의 방사평형이 이루어진 후에 $^{90}$ Y의 방사능을 측정하였다. 액체 우유의 스트론튬-90의 함량이 가장 많았던 것은 1966년의 34.9 pCi$^{90}$ Sr/g.Ca이었으며, 1966년을 고비로 현저한 감소를 보여주고 있다. 분유의 스트론튬-90의 함량은 액체 우유와 같은 값을 보여 주고 있으며, 방사선 장해면에서 고려할때 안전한 함량임을 알 수 있다.