• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2014

In Korea, the chemical oxygen demand($COD_{sed}$) in freshwater sediments has been measured by the potassium permanganate method used for marine sediment because of the absence of authorized analytical method. However, this method has not been fully verified for the freshwater sediment. Therefore, the use or modification of the potassium permanganate method or the development of the new $COD_{sed}$ analytical method may be necessary. In this study, two modified $COD_{sed}$ analytical methods such as the modified potassium permanganate method for $COD_{Mn}$ and the modified closed reflux method using potassium dichromate for $COD_{Cr}$ were compared. In the preliminary experiment to estimate the capability of the two oxidants for glucose oxidation, $COD_{Mn}$ and $COD_{Cr}$ were about 70% and 100% of theoretical oxygen demand(ThOD), respectively, indicating that $COD_{Cr}$ was very close to the ThOD. The effective titration ranges in $COD_{Mn}$ and $COD_{Cr}$ were 3.2 to 7.5 mL and 1.0 to 5.0 mL for glucose, 4.3 to 7.5 mL and 1.4 to 4.3 mL for lake sediment, and 2.5 to 5.8 mL and 3.6 to 4.5 mL for river sediment, respectively, within 10% errors. For estimating $COD_{sed}$ recovery(%) in glucose-spiked sediment after aging for 1 day, the mass balances of the $COD_{Mn}$ and $COD_{Cr}$ among glucose, sediments and glucose-spiked sediments were compared. The recoveries of $COD_{Mn}$ and $COD_{Cr}$ were 78% and 78% in glucose-spiked river sediments, 91% and 86% in glucose-spiked lake sediments, 97% and 104% in glucose-spiked sand, and 134% and 107% in glucose-spiked clay, respectively. In conclusion, both methods have high confidence levels in terms of analytical methodology but show significant different $COD_{sed}$ concentrations due to difference in the oxidation powers of the oxidants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.127-128
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• 2014

현재 기술 산업에서 PET위 무전해 도금을 실행하기 위해 다양한 전처리 공정과 Catalyst가 소개되고 있다. 그 중에서 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 Catalyst는 Palladium으로서 Tin과 산화 환원 반응으로 Electroless Copper Deposition 단계에서 구리 도금의 Target으로 작용하고 있다. 하지만 상대적으로 Palladium은 생산 비용이 높으며 Tin은 쉽게 산화되는 문제점이 남아 있다. 이를 대체하기 위한 대안 공정으로서 Palladium 대신 Silver를 이용하여 Catalyst로서의 역할을 하는 공정이다. 이전에 PET위 전처리 공정으로 Ultra Violet을 사용하여 표면을 개질 시키는 방법을 연구했으며, 그 후 Potassium Permanganate와 Silver Catalyst의 Mechanism을 연구 했다. PET 표면 개질을 거치면서 화학 구조가 바뀌어 표면에 Carbon Carbon Double Bond를 형성한다. 이때 Permanganate ion이 새로이 형성된 이중 결합과 반응하여 두 개의 extra-OH functional group을 생성함과 동시에 $MnO_2$를 만들어 표면에 흡착 시킨다. $MnO_2$는 전위차에 의해 Silver Ion과 Redox Reaction을 일으키며 실질적인 Catalyst 역할을 하게 된다. Silver Catalyst는 무전해 구리 도금 용액 안에서 Copper의 Target으로 작용한다.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2005

In Vitro hemolysis and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation in olive flounder rythrocytes were investigated using potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) ranging from 2 to 250 ppm, stabilized chlorine dioxide ($S-ClO_2$)ranging from 3.13 to 400 ppm, formalin (37% formaldehyde) ranging from 31.3 to 2,000 ppm and copper sulphate ($CuSO_4$) ranging from 0.04 to 5 ppm. Remarkable hemolysis was found to be induced at $KMnO_4$ concentrations of 31.3-250 ppm and $CuSO_4$ concentrations of 0.63-5 ppm. On the other hand, MetHb formation could not be found at the same treatment concentrations. It is suggested that the cell-damaging system of $KMnO_4$ may be similar from that of $CuSO_4$ in the erythrocytes of olive flounder. Remarkable hemolysis and MetHb formation were found to be induced at $S-ClO_4$ concentrations of more than 25 ppm and 6.25 ppm, respectively. Only $S-ClO_2$ showed both hemolysis and MetHb formation among the chemicals used in the present study. Formalin did not provoke hemolysis at the highest concentration of 2,000 ppm but induced MetHb formation at ranging from 250 to 2,000 ppm. These findings reveal that the mechanism involved in formalin-induced cell-damaging effects differs from that induced by $S-ClO_2$ to olive flounder erythrocytes compared with $KMnO_4$ and $CuSO_4$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 1991

Activated carbons from rice-straw can be used as an adsorbents for the purification of water were prepared and evaluated. The adsorptive capacities of activated carbons were measured by iodine, potassium permangante, phenol and metals. It was observed by electron microscope (SEM) and IR spectrum that organic components in the rice-straw and its carbonization product were disappeared. Slit-shaped and porousstructures were formed by activation. There was no relationship between temperature and adsorption of iodine but adsorption of potassium permanganate increased as temperature rose. The adsorption of the phenol was greater than 99%. The adsorption data of phenol at $25^\circ{C}$ obeyed the Freundlich's isotherm. Various metals except sodium were not removed by activated carbon.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 1986

The characteristics of the amyloid proteins were histochemically investigated with the amyloidladen organs from bovine(15 cases), canine(1 case), feline(1 case), and artificially induced rabbit amyloidosis(1 case). The amyloid-laden organs from bovine, canine and experimental rabbit amyloidosis showed potassium-permanganate-senstive reaction, revealing complete disappearance for Congo red affinity, loss of brick-red colored fluorescence and green birefringence. From these findings, the amyloids from bovine, canine and experimentally induced rabbit amyloidosis were thought to be equivalent to amyloid protein A (AA protein). In the present feline case with amyloidosis, however, the amyloid proteins revealed potassium permanganate-resistant reaction, showing unchanged affinity for Congo red, and immunoglobulin was also deposited in the glomeruli of the kidney. From these findings, the amyloid proteins from feline case with amyloidosis were considered to be equivalent to amyloid light chain-related proteins (AL protein).

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

This study is focused on manganese (Mn(II)) removal by potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) in surface water. The effects of bicarbonate on Mn(II) indicated that bicarbonate could remove Mn(II), but it was not effectively. When 0.5 mg/L of Mn(II) was dissolved in tap water, the addition of $KMnO_4$ as much as $KMnO_4$ to Mn(II) ratio is 0.67 satisfied the drinking water regulation for Mn (i.e. 0.05 mg/L), and the main mechanism was oxidation. On the other hand, when the same Mn(II) concentration was dissolved in surface water, the addition of $KMnO_4$, which was the molar ratio of $KMnO_4/Mn(II)$ ranged 0.67 to 0.84 was needed for the regulation satisfaction, and the dominant mechanisms were both oxidation and adsorption. Unlike Mn(II) in tap water, the increasing the reaction time increased Mn(II) removal when $KMnO_4$ was overdosed. Finally, the optimum conditions for the removals of 0.5 - 2.0 mg/L Mn(II) in surface water were both $KMnO_4$ to Mn(II) ratio is 0.67 - 0.84 and the reaction time of 15 min. This indicated that the addition of $KMnO_4$ was the one of convenient and effective methods to remove Mn(II).

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-55
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• 1993

Histopathological changes in gills by potassium permanganate were investigated in four fish species. flounder(Pararychthys olivaceus) and rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli) in marine fish, and carp(Cyprinus carpio) and eel(Anguilla japonica) in freshwater fish. Marine fishies were more sensitive to $KMnO_4$ than freshwater fishies and have shown histological changes even in low concentration of 1ppm. Eels were less affected than carp in high concentration of $KMnO_4$. Especially in eels, hyperplasia and hypertropy of mucus cells were observed. Compared to in underground water. the effect of KMnO₄ were reduced very much in pond water. That this differences were due to the concentration of organic substances were certained by experiment with various feed concentrations. The potency of $KMnO_4$ were influenced by dissolved oxygen.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.931-940
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• 2010

The Raw water from Deer Creek (DC) reservoir and Little Cottonwood Creek (LCC) reservoir in the Utah, USA were collected for jar test experiments. This study examined the removal of arsenic and turbidity by means of coagulation and flocculation processes using of aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride as coagulants for 13 jar tests. The jar tests were performed to determine the optimal pH range, alum concentration, ferric chloride concentration and polymer concentration for arsenic and turbidity removal. The results showed that a comparison was made between alum and ferric chloride as coagulant. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for alum (16 mg/L) of up to 79.6% and 90.3% at pH 6.5 respectively were observed. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for ferric chloride (8 mg/L) of up to 59.5% at pH 8 and 90.6% at pH 8 respectively were observed. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for alum dosages were achieved with a 25 mg/L and 16 mg/L respectively. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for ferric chloride dosages were achieved with a 20 mg/Land 8 mg/L respectively. In terms of minimizing the arsenic and turbidity levels, the optimum pH ranges were 6.5 and 8for alum and ferric chloride respectively. When a dosage of 2 mg/L of potassium permanganate and 8 mg/L of ferric chloride were employed, potassium permanganate can improve arsenic removal, but not turbidity removal.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.467-472
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• 2004

Cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins which exist in korean lakes show strong toxicity to fish, cattles and human. In this study, we tried to degrade microcystin LR using various chemical oxidants, Chlorine, Potassium permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide. The detection method for the concentrations of microcystin LR in water samples was Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method using the monoclonal antibody of microcystin. Chlorine degraded microcystin LR effectively at the concentration of 800 pg/mL microcystin LR and 12 ppm chlorine. The reaction took 40 minutes at pH 7. Potassium Permanganate also degraded microcystin LR successfully at the concentration of 2000 pg/mL microcystin LR and 1.2 ppm chlorine. The degradation reaction took 60 minutes at pH 7. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, the degradation rate of microcystin LR was very slow because of the slow reaction rate.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2006

Conventional coagulation is still the main treatment process for algae removal in water treatment. The coagulation efficiency can be significantly improved by the preoxidation of algae-containing water. Jar test was conducted to determine the optimal condition for the removal of diatoms, especially Cyclotella sp. by preoxidation and the subsequent coagulation. The effects of various concentration of PAC (Polyaluminum chloride) on coagulation with and without preoxidation using chlorine or potassium permanganate at different pHs (7.7 and 9.0) were evaluated. At pH 7.7, preoxidation with 2ppm $Cl_2$ followed by coagulation with 7.5 ppm PAC coagulant could reduce Cyclotella sp. concentration by 86%. At pH 9.0, preoxidation with 1 mg $KMnO_4/L$ followed by coagulation with 12.5 ppm PAC coagulant reduced Cyclotella sp. concentration by 85%. Non-linear regression was applied to determine the optimal condition. At pH 7.7 and 9.0, R was over 0.9, respectively. The pH of algal blooming water is over 9.0. Algae (diatom; Cyelotella sp.) can be controlled in the following ways: preoxidation with 1 mg $KMnO_4/L$ followed by coagulation with 12.5 ppm PAC coagulant can remove 80% algae from water. If water pH is adjusted to 7.7, it was expected that less amount of coagulant (7.5 or 10 mg PAC /L) after preoxidation ($Cl_2$ 2 ppm or $KMnO_4$ 0.33, 1 ppm) would be needed to achieve similar level of algae removal. The oxidation with 0.33ppm $KMnO_4$ followed by coagulation with 7.5 ppm PAC coagulant was preferable due to cost-effectiveness of treatment condition and color problem after treatment.