• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Purpose: Renal stones are common and typically arise within the collecting system. The renal sinus are contains the collection system, the renal vessels, lymphatcs, fat, and fibrous tissue. Because of the compression of all the large echoes in signal processing, the echo from the renal stone generally cannot be distinguished from large echoes emanating from normal structures of the renal sinus. Use of ultrasonography has been difficult for detecting small renal stone without posterior shadowing and chemical composition of stone. The aim of study was measuring for posterior acoustic shadowing to a stone for various scan parameter and it examines a help in renal stone diagnosis. Material & Methods: The stone was place on sponge examined in a water bath with a 3.5MHz or 7.5MHz transducer(LOGIQ 400, USA). First, tested a variety of gain. Second, tested a variety of dynamic range. Third, tested a variety of focal zone. Fourth, measuring of the echo level for low and high frequency for depth. Results: 1) Average echo level was 98 for low total gain(10 dB) and was 142 for high total gain(40 dB). Posterior acoustic shadowing of renal stone was clear for low gain. 2) Average echo level was 129 for low dynamic range(42 dB) and was 101 for high dynamic range(72 dB). Posterior acoustic shadowing of renal stone was clear for high dynamic range. 3) When stone is in focal zone of transducer, definite posterior acoustic shadow is identified. 4) Stone was clear appeared for high frequency(7.5 MHz) than low frequency(3.5 MHz) and it is not distorted. Conclusion: The demonstration of an posterior acoustic shadow of renal stone dependents on several technical factors such as gain, dynamic range, focus, and frequency. This various factors are a help in renal stone diagnosis.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.323-327
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• 2008

Porcelain gallbladder is a rare disorder by deposition of calcium in the wall of gallbladder. The chronic cholecystitis is reported to produce mural calcification and obstruction to the cystic duct by stone. Since porcelain gallbladder is commonly associatedwith gallbladder cancer, cholecystectomy is prerformed to prevent it. We report here a case of a patient with porcelain gallbladder. This case showedthe typical ultrasonogaphic, computer tomogaphic and radiaographic findings of the disease.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.537-540
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• 2014

We present a case of ocular toxocariasis treated successfully with oral albendazole in combination with steroids. A 26-year-old male visited the authors' clinic with the chief complaint of flying flies in his right eye. The fundus photograph showed a whitish epiretinal scar, and the fluorescein angiography revealed a hypofluorescein lesion of the scar and late leakage at the margin. An elevated retinal surface and posterior acoustic shadowing of the scar were observed in the optical coherence tomography, and Toxocara IgG was positive. The patient was diagnosed with toxocariasis, and the condition was treated with albendazole (400 mg twice a day) for a month and oral triamcinolone (16 mg for 2 weeks, once a day, and then 8 mg for 1 week, once a day) from day 13 of the albendazole treatment. The lesions decreased after the treatment. Based on this study, oral albendazole combined with steroids can be a simple and effective regimen for treating ocular toxocariasis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1269-1274
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• 2014

Breast tubular adenomas are rare benign breast tumors and detailed descriptions of their sonographic appearance are necessary for differential diagnosis from fibroadenomas or breast cancers. This study investigated twenty-one histology-proved tubular adenomas in 17 patients and also included 48 fibroadenomas in 35 patients as a control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups with clinical presentation, which was age, tumor location, tumor number (p>0.05). Statistic analysis showed three significant factors in the differential diagnosis of tubular adenomas and fibroadenomas, including macro-lobulation (p=0.01), "tiny branch like" patterns (p=0.001) and vascularity (p=0.02). Other ultrasonographic features such as echogenicity, border, uniformity of echotexture, posterior acoustic enhancement, lateral wall shadowing were of no clinical significance (p>0.05). Calcifications were seen in three tubular adenomas which were different from those of carcinomas. Although tubular adenomas have some typical characteristics on sonography, surgery and core needle biopsy are still needed for complex cases to exclude progress to malignancy.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.605-613
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• 2020

Objective: To determine the malignancy risk of isolated macrocalcifications (a calcified nodule with complete posterior acoustic shadowing) detected on ultrasonography (US) and to evaluate the postoperative American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk stratification of malignant tumors manifesting as isolated macrocalcifications. Materials and Methods: A total of 3852 thyroid nodules (≥ 1 cm) of 3061 consecutive patients who had undergone biopsy between January 2011 and June 2018 were included in this study. We assessed the prevalence, malignancy rate, and size distribution of isolated macrocalcifications and evaluated the histopathologic features and postoperative ATA risk stratification of malignant tumors manifesting as isolated macrocalcifications. Results: Isolated macrocalcifications were found in 38 (1.2%) of the 3061 patients. Final diagnosis was established in 30 (78.9%) nodules; seven malignant tumors were diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The malignancy rate of the isolated macrocalcifications was 23.3% in the 30 nodules with final diagnoses and 18.4% in all nodules. Among the six surgically-treated malignant tumors, five (83.3%) had an extrathyroidal extension (ETE) (minor ETE 1, gross ETE 4), and two (33.3%) had macroscopic lymph node metastasis. Four (66.7%) malignant tumors were categorized as high-risk tumors, one as an intermediate-risk tumor, and one as a low-risk tumor using the ATA risk stratification. Histopathologically, out of the six malignant tumors, ossifications were noted in four (66.7%) and predominant calcifications in two (33.3%). Conclusion: The US pattern of isolated macrocalcifications (≥ 1 cm) showed an intermediate malignancy risk (at least 18.4%). All malignant tumors were PTCs, and most showed an aggressive behavior and a high or intermediate postoperative ATA risk.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2006

The evaluation of GB stones with ultrasound has proved to be useful procedure in patient with symptoms of cholelithiasis. GB is evaluated for size, wall thickness, presence of internal reflections within the lumen and posterior acoustic shadowing or enhancement in Ultrsonography. The patient position should be shifted during procedure to demonstrate further the presence of stone within the GB. Patient scanned at the Rt. subcostal region in supine, right lateral, Lt. down decubitus, and upright sitting position. So GB stone should shift to dependent area of GB. Often, GB is not markedly distended in the presence of cholethiasis, and so the diagnosis becomes more difficult. One of the more difficult areas for detection of a GB stones are embeded in the cystic duct region. And since the GB is adjacent to the duodenum and hepatic flexure, its may be difficult to visualizing a GB stone. When patient study position changes frome supine to other position, stones displaced the site. But if its are polyps, not changes the site whatever patient positions. It is very important to what make different GB stones or polyps. We have studied about mobility of GB stones according to the patients position(supine, Lt. down decubitus, $30^{\circ} LAO. sitting and hand-knee). So we have a result, stones wherever localized within the GB, changed 100% its position in the hand-knee position and the others appeared at least 90%. In this study, when a large stones are located through fundus-body and body-neck, does not changing the stones position in spite of varied patient's positions. But hand-knee positions can identified GB stones, because its make changed the position of stons from posterior wall to anterior wall within the GB. We recommend the hand-knee position for differentiation GB stones from polyps.