• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2021

Background: Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. Regional blocks might provide excellent analgesia and reduce complications in the postoperative period. We aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic effect of the ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia (TF) plane block versus the transmuscular quadratus lumborum (QL) block in patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair. Methods: Fifty patients enrolled in this comparative study and were randomly assigned into two equal groups. One group received an ultrasound-guided QL block. In comparison, the other group received an ultrasound-guided TF plane block. The primary outcome was the patient-assessed resting, and movement-induced pain on the numeric pain rating scale (NRS) measured at 30 minutes postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of patients receiving rescue analgesia in the first postoperative day, ease of performance of the technique, and incidence of adverse effects. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in NRS at rest and with movement between the groups over the first 24 hours postoperatively. The proportion of patients that received postoperative rescue analgesics during the first 30 minutes postoperatively was 4% (n = 1) in the QL group compared to 12% (n = 3) in the TF group. However, the mean performance time of the TF block was shorter than that of the QL block, and the performance of the TF block appeared easier technically. Conclusions: The ultrasound-guided TF plane block could be as effective as the QL block in lowering pain scores and decreasing opioid consumption following non-recurrent inguinal herniorrhaphy.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2010

Background: We prospectively evaluated the incidence and possible factors causing intramuscular injection during lumbar sympathetic ganglion block and compared the multiple needle technique to the single technique to obtain a profound and complete block effect. Methods: Among 83 patients, 58 patients (group A, n = 27, multiple needle technique and group B, n = 31, single needle technique) were reevaluated for the changes of skin temperature (Ts) and mean segment of longitudinal contrast spread. After injecting the contrast agent, the incidence of psoas muscle injection and the change of Ts was compared between two groups. Results: The incidence of psoas muscle injection was 21.3% (46/216) and it was associated with the level of injection (L2) significantly (${\chi}_2$ = 14.773, P = 0.001). $DT^{post}$ (postblock temperature difference between ipsilateral and contralateral great toe, $4.6{\pm}2.8^{\circ}C$, $1.8{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$, P < 0.001 for group A and B) and $DT^{net}$ ($DT^{post}$ - $DT^{pre}$, $3.9{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$, $1.5{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, P < 0.001 for group A and B) was significantly higher in group A. The mean segment of longitudinal contrast spread was $8.1{\pm}0.9$ for group A and $3.2{\pm}1.6$ for group B (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The LSGB at the L2 level showed the lowest incidence of psoas muscle injection of contrast. Multiple needle approach showed more significant increase of $DT^{net}$ and $DT^{post}$.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.441-449
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• 2021

Background: The efficacy of local anesthesia decreases in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Therefore, it was proposed that the use of premedication with an anti-inflammatory drug might increase the success rate of pulpal anesthesia in mandibular posterior teeth with vital inflamed pulp. Methods: One hundred thirty-four patients who were actively experiencing pain willingly participated in this study. The Heft Parker (HP) visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record the initial pain intensity. Patients were randomly allocated to receive a placebo, 10 mg of ketorolac, and 650 mg of paracetamol. The standard inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) was administered to all patients using 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline after one hour of medication. After 15 min, the patient was instructed to rate the discomfort during each step of the treatment procedure, such as access to remaining dentin, access to the pulp chamber, and during canal instrumentation on the HP VAS. IANB was considered successful if the patient reported no or mild pain during access preparation and instrumentation. Moderate or severe pain was classified as a failure of IANB and another method of anesthesia was used before continuing the treatment. Results: The rate of successful anesthesia in the placebo, paracetamol, and ketorolac groups was 29%, 33%, and 43%, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of paracetamol or ketorolac did not significantly affect the success rate of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis. No significant difference was observed between the paracetamol and ketorolac groups.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.865-870
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• 2006

셀룰러 신경회로망(Cellular Neural Networks: CNN)은 그 구조가 간단함에도 불구하고 강력한 연산능력을 가지고 있어 영상처리에 이용되어 왔다. 그러나 실제의 대규모 영상에 포함된 화소의 양과 같은 막대한 셀들을 필요로 하는 CNN하드웨어를 구현하는 것은 불가능하다. 본 논문에서는 시 다중화 처리 기법으로 대규모 실영상을 처리할 수 있는 $5\times5$ CNN 하드웨어와 전 후 처리기를 구현하였다. 구현된 $5\times5$ CNN 하드웨어와 전 후 처리기의 성능을 평가하기 위해 $ 레나영상에 대해 윤곽선 검출을 수행하였으며, 약 4,000번의 시다중화 블록처리와 각 블록 마다 10번의 제어 펄스에 의한 파이프라인 동작에 의해 영상처리가 수행되었다. 따라서 본 논문에서 구현된 $5\times5$ CNN 하드웨어와 전 후 처리기를 실영상 처리에 이용할 수 있다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 제14회 신호처리 합동 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.755-758
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• 2001

In this paper. Ive propose a postprocessing technique based on the theory of projection on convex sets(POCS) to reduce the blocking artifacts in HDTV decoded images. In BDCT of HDTV. the image is divided into a grid of non-overlapped 8 ${\times}$ 8 blocks. and then each block is coded separately. A block which is located one pixel apart from the grid of BDCT will include the boundary of the original 8 ${\times}$ 8 block. If the blocking artifact is Introduced alone the block boundary. this block will have different frequency characteristic from that of the original block. Thus, a comparison of frequency characteristics of these two overlapping blocks can detect the undesired high-frequency components mainly caused by the blocking artifact. By eliminating these undesired high-frequency components adaptively, robust smoothing projection operator can be obtained. Simulation results with real image sequences indicate that the proposed method performs better than conventional algorithms.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 ITC-CSCC -1
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• pp.35-38
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• 2000

Low bit rate image/video coding is essential for many visual communication applications. When bit rates become low, most compression algorithms yield visually blocking artifacts that highly degrade the perceptual quality, and post-processing approaches provide one attractive solution. In this paper, we provide simple and very efficient blocking artifacts reduction method using constrained random value addition. Our method is simple enough to be used for real-time post-processing of video.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2015

Background: The celiac plexus and splanchnic nerves are targets for neurolytic blocks for pain relief from pain caused by upper gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, we investigated the analgesic effect of a celiac plexus block versus a splanchnic nerve block and the effects of these blocks on the quality of life six months post-intervention for patients with upper GIT tumors. Methods: Seventy-nine patients with inoperable upper GIT tumors and with severe uncontrolled visceral pain were randomized into two groups. These were Group I, for whom a celiac plexus block was used with a bilateral needle retrocrural technique, and Group II, for whom a splanchnic nerve block with a bilateral needle technique was used. The visual analogue scale for pain (0 to 100), the quality of life via the QLQ-C30 questionnaire, and survival rates were assessed. Results: Pain scores were comparable in both groups in the first week after the block. Significantly more patients retained good analgesia with tramadol in the splanchnic group from 16 weeks onwards (P = 0.005, 0.001, 0.005, 0.001, 0.01). Social and cognitive scales improved significantly from the second week onwards in the splanchnic group. Survival of both groups was comparable. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that the efficacy of the splanchnic nerve block technique appears to be clinically comparable to a celiac block. All statistically significant differences are of little clinical value.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2021

Background Pain in the postoperative body contouring patient has traditionally been managed with narcotic medication. In an effort to minimize side effects and prevent addiction, plastic surgeons are searching for novel ways to provide adequate analgesia, one of which is nerve blocks. This study was conducted with a meta-analysis that evaluates the efficacy of these blocks for patients who undergo breast surgery. Methods A search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database for articles including the terms "post-operative analgesia" OR "postoperative pain management" AND "in plastic surgery" OR "in cosmetic surgery" OR "in elective surgery" in February 2019 generated five studies on elective breast augmentation and reduction mammoplasty that reported pain scores and quantities of opioids consumed. Independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and a random effects model were implemented for evaluation. Results A total of 317 patients were identified as having undergone body contouring of the breast, about half of which received a nerve block. Pain scores on a 1-10 scale and opioid dose-equivalents were calculated. Those who were blocked had an average score of 2.40 compared to 3.64 for those who did not (P<0.001), and required an average of 5.20 less narcotic doses (P<0.001). Pain relief following subpectoral augmentation was best achieved with type-II blocks as opposed to type-I and type-II with serratus plane (P<0.001). Conclusions The opioid epidemic has extended to all surgical specialties. Implementation of a nerve block seems to be an efficacious and cost-effective mechanism to not only help with post-operative pain, but also lower the need for narcotics, especially in subpectoral augmentation.

• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

컬러 영상 처리 기반의 연기 검출은 화재의 조기 검출에 적합한 검출 대상이다. 연기 검출을 위한 방법으로 움직임과 색상이 전처리로서 처리되며, 확산, 질감, 형태, 방향성 등의 성질이 후처리로서 사용된다. 본 논문은 연기의 특성 중 밀도적인 분포 특성 검출 방법을 제안한다. 연기의 움직임을 10Frame 간격으로 1초 동안 축적한 이미지에 색상을 문턱치 처리해 후보영역을 생성하고, OBTP(Object Block Ternary Pattern)을 적용해 연기의 패턴임을 확인한다. 모든 처리는 Block 기반으로, 움직임 검출은 차분 영상에 적응 문턱치를 적용해 움직이는 물체의 후보영역을 결정했다. 결정된 후보영역을 1초간 축적하고 연기 색상의 문턱치 조건을 적용한다. 각각의 연기 후보 영역을 특정 위치의 16개 Block 값을 중앙 Block 값과 비교하고 삼진화 된 패턴을 연기의 패턴과 비교하여 연기를 결정한다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2020

Background: Single inferior alveolar nerve block is ineffective in achieving adequate pulpal anesthesia in 30-80% of patients due to anatomical variations, local tissue pH, central sensitization, and several factors. Various supplementary techniques and combination of adjuvants with lignocaine are used to overcome these failures. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), one such adjuvant, acts at the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor resulting in effective anesthesia. The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical controlled trial was to evaluate the onset, anesthetic efficacy, duration and post-operative analgesia of 2% lignocaine with and without the addition of MgSO₄ in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis. Methods: Fourty-two patients were randomly divided into three groups: 2% lignocaine (group 1) and 2% lignocaine with MgSO₄ (75 mg) and (150 mg) in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Pre-operative vitals and Heft Parker-Visual Analogue Scale (HP-VAS) pain scores were recorded. The onset of anesthesia, anesthetic efficacy, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated post administration of the local anesthetic solution. The post-operative analgesia was examined at intervals of 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Results: Administration of 150 mg MgSO₄ hastens the onset of anesthesia (1.29 min) and produces better anesthetic efficacy (3.29 HP-VAS) compared to group 2 (2.07 min and 9.14 HP-VAS) and group 1 (3.29 min and 35.79 HP-VAS), respectively. The duration of anesthesia was significantly higher in group 3 (247.07 min) compared to that of groups 2 and 1 (190 min and 110.21 min) with P < 0.05. Conclusion: Combining 75 mg or 150 mg of MgSO₄ with lignocaine is more effective than 2% lignocaine and 75 mg of MgSO₄ is adequate for endodontic procedures.