• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 1991

Stellate ganglion block was performed in 15 patients with intractable glaucoma by injection of 8 ml of 1y lidocaine. The followings are the changes of intraocular pressure(mmHg): Pre -block $32.26{\pm}4.44$ 10 minutes after block $36.80{\pm}4.60$ 20 minutes after block $32.61{\pm}4.41$ 30 minutes after block $28.87{\pm}4.30$ 60 minutes after block $24.73{\pm}4.37$ 120 minutes after block $26.87{\pm}3.18$ 180 minutes after block $31.40{\pm}3.76$ The pressure rose up to 10 minutes post block and significant pressure descent was noticed from 30 minutes post-block. Maximum descent was seen by 60 minutes post-block and pre-block pressure was restored by 180 minutes post-block. For the purpose of cheeking the treatment effect, similar blocks were performed in 15 patients, one time daily for 5~8 days 3 times every othor day.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

This study aims at the new design system development of landscape architecture structures, as soundproof wall using reinforced soil block. This structures, that is new soundproof wall system, have to be maintained stability on acting critical wind load, which is combined exist soundproof wall system and soundproof wall system using environmental green stone block. To the harmony of this system, the post block, so-called landscape block or cast block, is manufactured. It's possible to stand of the post bearing system combined with post-pile and post block. Through the comparison with a serious code for the acting wind load on the soundproof wall, the reasonable wind load could be calculated. Also, the mechanical stability on the green stone block was checked by the Lab. tests based on the UBC (Uniformed Building Code). Because the critical height of soundproof wall system using green stone generally was restricted, the new system demands to combination of the exist system and the new system. For the stability analysis of them, the utility program, SAP2000, was used. And, a semi-auto program on the design system of the new soundproof wall using green stone was developed, which can be easily use because of the simplification.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.73-77
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• 2009

The block housing type is coming to fore as a 'low-rise high-density housing type', which can resolve the all sorts of problem caused in Korea apartment housing complex and single-detached residental area in terms of livability, urbanity, and community. To analyze the characteristics of the block housing, the block housing in Eunpyeong New Town, in Korea was analyzed as a sample for post occupancy evaluation. The analysis show that the block housing is useful low-rise and high-density housing type, which ensures the livability as well as the urbanity and community. In details the analysis also shows the user satisfaction from the perspective of living and facility use within the block housing and individual unit.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 1993

In March of l992, We performed two intentional total spinal blocks for the relief of pain. This was for 2 cases of post-traumatic cervical syndrome whose various symptoms were chronically unresponsive to the usual conservative treatments. We regularly checked the blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation and observed clinically the changes of respiration, consciousness, lid and light reflexes during the total spinal block. Pain relief was evaluated by using the Visual Analog Scale which is designed to measure the subjective intensity of pain. The results were as follows; 1) The effectiveness of total spinal block was 60% in case 1, 40% in case 2. 2) We observed two complications from the procedure. Firstly during the block, these were transient periods of hypotension. Following the block, accidental procedures related direct neural trauma resulted in anterior chest wall pain. In conclusion we believe that total spinal block is a satisfactory and reliable method for the treatment of post-traumatic cervical syndrome.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

Background: Hemorrhoid is one of the most common surgical diseases occurring in the anorectal region. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ischiorectal fossa block on alleviating post hemorrhoidectomy pain. Methods: In this study, 90 patients suffering from hemorrhoids were evaluated. They were randomly divided into 3 groups. The first group had no block, the second group an ischiorectal block with placebo (normal saline), and the third group a preemptive ischiorectal block with bupivacaine. Postoperative variables such as pain intensity, pethidine consumption, nausea, and vomiting were compared between the groups. Results: The postoperative pain score in group 1 was $8.5{\pm}1.3$ and $8.1{\pm}0.9$ (P=NS) in group 2. The post operative analgesic demand was $3.1{\pm}1.5$ and $3.3{\pm}1.8$ hours in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=NS). The post operative pain score and analgesic demand were $4.2{\pm}2.1$ and $9.3{\pm}2.7$ hours, respectively, in group 3 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Preemptive ischiorectal block reduces the posthemorrhoidectomy pain and opioid demand.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.942-947
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• 1994

Post-thoracotomy pain is so severe that lead to postoperative pulmonary complications due to the patient`s inability to cough, deep breathing and chest wall motion. Many authors have been trying to reduce the post-thoracotomy pain, but there is no method of complete satisfaction. In 1990, we reported the result that the cryoanalgesia reduce the immediate postoperative pain significantly. We try to compare the effect of cyroanalgesia with the effect of Bupivacain intercostal nerve block for the post-thoracotomy pain control. Ninety patients, who undergoing thoracotomy in Korea University Medical Center Guro Hospital between the January 1993 and September 1993, were evaluated. The patients were divided into three groups : Group A, control, the patients without pain control procedure [N=30], Group B, the patients with Bupivacain intercostal nerve block [N=30], Group C, the patients with cryoanalgesia [N=30]. Postoperative analgesic effects were evaluated by the scoring system which made arbiturary by author. The results were that the Bupivacain intercostal nerve block markedly reduced the immediate postoperative pain compare with two other groups, the cryoanalgesia reduced the immediate postoperative pain significantly compare with control group, the pain reduction effect of the two groups- cryoanalgesia and Bupivacain intercostal nerve block- were not different at postoperative seventh day, probably due to the action time of Bupivacain and the result that there were no significant complications of the procedures.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.271-287
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• 2021

Background: Postoperative pain management is crucial for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). There have been many recent clinical trials on post-TKA peripheral nerve block; however, they have reported inconsistent findings. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to comprehensively analyze studies on post-TKA analgesia to provide evidence-based clinical suggestions. Methods: We performed a computer-based query of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science to retrieve related articles using neurothe following search terms: nerve block, nerve blockade, chemodenervation, chemical neurolysis, peridural block, epidural anesthesia, extradural anesthesia, total knee arthroplasty, total knee replacement, partial knee replacement, and others. After quality evaluation and data extraction, we analyzed the complications, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, patient satisfaction, perioperative opioid dosage, and rehabilitation indices. Evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Results: We included 16 randomized controlled trials involving 981 patients (511 receiving peripheral nerve block and 470 receiving epidural block) in the final analysis. Compared with an epidural block, a peripheral nerve block significantly reduced complications. There were no significant between-group differences in the postoperative VAS score, patient satisfaction, perioperative opioid dosage, and rehabilitation indices. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the peripheral nerve block is superior to the epidural block in reducing complications without compromising the analgesic effect and patient satisfaction. Therefore, a peripheral nerve block is a safe and effective postoperative analgesic method with encouraging clinical prospects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2009.01a
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• pp.612-617
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• 2009

In a DCT coding, degradations called block artifact and mosquito noise are appeared in reconstructed pictures. They should be reduced in post processing after decoding without superabundant processing. However, an estimation of mosquito noise is rare because of its difficulty. To realize an estimation of mosquito noise level, we extract a block that mosquito noise will be easy to occur. Mosquito noise level is calculated at a selected side of the block. In this processing, only the sides of high probability block are used. Then, a block value is taken by averaging. Finally, the picture value is calculated by averaging of this. Estimation method is evaluated by using the MPEG-4 decoded pictures. Quantization scale of coding and the estimated mosquito noise level are compared. As the results, we recognize the proposed method gives almost reasonable mosquito block and absolute level. Father, adaptive filter is controlled by the estimated mosquito noise level. It is recognized that the high quality of decoded picture is kept and the mosquito noise is reduced effectively at the picture with degradation.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.11-14
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• 2003

In block-based lossy video compression, severe quantization causes discontinuities along block boundaries so that annoying blocking artifacts are visible in decoded video imases. These blocking artifacts significantly decrease the subjective image quality. In order to reduce the blocking artifacts in decoded images, many algorithms have been proposed However studies on so called, corner outliers, have been very limited. Corner outliers make image edges look disconnected from those of neighboring blocks at cross block boundary. In order to solve this problem, we propose a corner outlier detection and compensation algorithm as post-processing in spatial domain The experiment results show that the proposed method provides much improved subjective image quality.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-132
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• 2019

Regional anesthesia, including central and plane blocks (serratus anterior plane block and erector spinae block), are used for post-thoracotomy pain. The rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) is mainly performed by injection to the upper intercostal muscle plane below the rhomboid muscle. It has been reported to provide analgesia at the T3-T9 levels. The RIB was performed on 5 patients who had been scheduled for thoracotomy. The catheter was advanced in the area under the rhomboid muscle between the intercostal muscles. Postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores were observed and each patient's resting VAS score remained below 3 for 48 hours. The RIB has been observed to be a convenient plane block for post-thoracotomy analgesia. We believe that further information from detailed studies is required.