• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.595-599
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• 2011

We prove that for any positive integer $g{\geq}3$, there are ${\gg}q^{\frac{l}{2g}}$ real cyclotomic function fields whose conductor has degree ${\leq}l$ and ideal class number is divisible by $\frac{g}{gcd(2,g)}$.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.32 no.5_6
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• pp.843-848
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• 2014

In this paper, we investigate the boundedness character, the periodic character and the global behavior of positive solutions of the difference equation $$x_{n+1}=p_n+\frac{x_n}{x_{n-1}},\;n=0,1,{\cdots}$$ where $\{p_n\}$ is a two periodic sequence of nonnegative real numbers and the initial conditions $x_{-1}$, $x_0$ are arbitrary positive real numbers.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 2001

In this note we construct a sequence of Picard iterates suitable for the approximation of solutions of K-positive definite operator equations in arbitrary real Banach spaces. Explicit error estimate is obtained and convergence is shown to be as fast as a geometric progression.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.925-928
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• 2020

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.5-9
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines whether fiscal and monetary expansion would affect output in Australia. Research design, data, and methodology - An extended IS-LM model which describes the equilibrium in the goods market and the money market is applied. The real effective exchange rate and the real stock price are included in order to determine whether there may be any substitution or wealth effect. The sample consists of Annual data ranging from 1990 to 2018. The GARCH process is used in empirical work to correct for potential autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity. Results - Expansionary fiscal policy reduces output; whereas, expansionary monetary policy raises output. In addition, real appreciation of the Australian dollar, a lower U.S. interest rate, a higher real stock price or a lower expected inflation would increase output. The finding that expansionary fiscal policy has a negative impact on real GDP suggests that the negative crowding-out effect on private spending dominates the positive impact. Conclusions - Fiscal prudence needs to be pursued. Real depreciation of the Australian dollar hurts output. Monetary tightening in the U.S. generates a negative effect on Australia's output. A healthy stock market is conducive to economic growth as higher stock prices tend to result in the wealth and other positive effects, increasing consumption and business spending.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.153-157
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• 2009

The production of extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamases ($ESBL_S$) of the TEM or SHV type by bacterial pathogens is a major threat to the use of the clinically important expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. The characterization of the SHV ESBLs producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains present in clinical isolates is time-consuming processes. We describe here in the development of a novel system, which consists of a real time PCR. We found 11 K. pneumoniae strains to be presumptive strains ESBLs producers by clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. The double disk synergy test showed 8 ESBL positive and conventional PCR showed 10 SHV ESBL positive, which were K. pneumoniae strains isolates. By real time PCR analysis, SHV gene in 11 of 11 strains were identified. When sequencing analysis was compared with real time PCR, both analysis were presented 99% similarity. In this study, we used a rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method for detection of the assay SHV ESBL producing K. pneumoniae strains in clinical isolates.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2014

Norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis in all age groups and its food poisoning outbreaks are rapidly increasing in Korea. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is most widely used for the rapid detection of foodborne viruses due to high sensitivity. However, the false positive results of RT-PCR obtained against already inactivated viruses could be a serious drawbacks in food safety area. In this study, we investigated a method to yield true positive RT-PCR results only with alive viruses. To decompose the RNA genes from dead viruses, the enzymatic treatments composed of proteinse K and Ribonuclease A were applied to the sanitized and inactivated virus particles. Another aim of this study was to quantify the efficiencies of several major sanitizing treatments using real-time RT-PCR. Feline calicivirus (FCV) that belongs to the same Caliciviridae family with norovirus was used as a surrogate model for norovirus. The initial level of virus in control suspension was approximately $10^4$ PFU/mL. Most of inactivated viruses treated with the enzymatic treatment for 30 min at $37^{\circ}C$ were not detected in RT-PCR, Quantification results to verify the inactivation efficiencies of sanitizing treatments using real-time RT-PCR showed no false positive in most cases. We could successfully develope a numerical quantification process for the inactivated viruses after major sanitizing treatments using real-time RT-PCR. The results obtained in this study could provide a novel basis of rapid virus quantification in food safety area.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2016

Objectives: To ensure the microbiological safety of groundwater, it was confirmed whether waterborne pathogenic bacteria in groundwater samples tested positive for total coliforms in the Chungcheongnam-do Province region. Methods: Total colony counts, total coliforms and fecal coliforms were tested according to the process mandated by the drinking water quality testing standards of Korea. DNA was extracted from the samples, tested positive for total coliforms, and then subjected to real-time PCR to detect waterborne pathogenic bacteria. Results: A total of 115 samples were inadequate for drinking water. Thirty-one cases (27%) showed positive for fecal coliforms and nine cases (7.8%) showed total colony counts exceeding drinking water standards. Twenty-seven cases (23.5%) showed three items (total colony counts, total coliforms and fecal coliforms). Using the real-time PCR method, waterborne pathogens were detected in 57 cases (49.6%) in 115 samples. Seventy-eight cases of waterborne pathogenic bacteria were detected (including duplications): 27 cases of pathogenic E. coli (EPEC (19), ETEC (5), EHEC (1), EAEC (1) and EIEC (1)); 45 of Bacillus cereus; two of Yersinia spp.; two of Salmonella spp.; one of Staphylococcus aureus; one of Clostridium perfringens. Conclusion: The real-time PCR method can offer rapid and accurate detection of waterborne pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this assay could be an alternative to conventional culture methods and can further ensure the microbiological safety of groundwater.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.155-160
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• 2018

The article studies the effect of US real effective exchange rate and short-term interest rate on Chnise exports and imports using the EGARCH-GED model. This article analyze the effect of US major economic variables on China's exports and imports as the US pushes for interest rate hikes and worsens trade wars with China. The main results are as follows. The US short-term interest rate has a significant positive effect on China's trade volume. Even in the case of China's exports, US short-term interest rate has a significant positive effect. However, in the case of China's imports, in contrast to exports, US short-term interest rate do not have a significant effects and US real effective exchange rate has a significant positive effect. On the other hand, China's policy interest rate has a negative impact on China's imports and not statistically significant, but it has a significant positive effect on China's exports.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2010

Malaria is endemic in the Cukurova region while it is sporadic in other regions of Turkey. Therefore, the laboratory and clinical diagnosis of malaria is important for the treatment of malaria. In this study, 92 blood samples that were taken from the suspected malaria patients for routine diagnosis in a period of 10 years between 1999 and 2009 were analyzed. All of these blood samples were examined by microscopic examinations using Giemsa-stained thick blood films, nested PCR, and real-time PCR. The sensitivity-specificity and positive-negative predictive values for these diagnostic tests were then calculated. It was found that the positive predictive values of microscopic examination of thick blood films, nested PCR, and real-time PCR were 47.8%, 56.5%, and 60.9% for malaria, respectively. The real-time PCR was found to have a specificity of 75% and sensitivity of 100%, while specificity and sensitivity of nested PCR was found 81.2% and 97.7% according to the microscopic examination of thick blood films, respectively.