• 제목/요약/키워드: positive and negative terms

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혁신제품으로서의 기능성 소재 유아복의 채택 단계에 미치는 영향 요인 -제품 특성, 소비자 특성, 커뮤니케이션 특성을 중심으로- (Influential Factors on the Adoption of Performance Infants' Wear -Focusing on Product Attributes, Consumer Traits, and Communication Characteristics-)

  • 홍경희;이윤정
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.146-156
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence consumers' adoption of performance infants' wear made of functional textiles. Based on Innovation Diffusion Model, product attributes, consumer traits, and communication characteristics were considered. A survey was carried out with a convenience sample of 241 housewives who have infants under 4 year-old, living in the Seoul metropolitan area. To analyze the data, SPSS 10.0 was used employing ANOVA, Duncan's post-hoc comparison, $X^2$, and f-test. The participants were classified into 4 groups based on their levels of adoption of performance infants' wear: No-Cognition, Negative Attitude, Positive Attitude, and Purchasing groups. There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of their perception of product attributes, communication characteristics, and personal traits. In terms of product attributes, the Positive Attitude group and Purchasing group showed higher perception of relative advantage, compatibility, trialability and observability than other groups. These groups were also high in terms of their tendency of actively seeking for additional product information, and particularly relied on the information from experts on TV or the Internet, personal experience posted on the Internet, or their own experience. Those who were in professional, well-educated and high income brackets were more likely to be Purchasing group than Positive Attitude group, which means once the positive attitude was formed they are likely to purchase the product.

태투(Tattoo)와 문신(文身)에 관한 소비자인지도 및 유래에 나타난 차이점 비교 (Comparative Study on Consumers' Perceptive Attitude and Origins of 'Tattoo' and 'Moonsin')

  • 송남경;박숙현
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.107-118
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the realities of the chaotic use of terms, 'tattoo' and 'moonsin', through the empirical field researches. This paper will research the differences in the origins and the etymological meanings of 'tattoo' and 'moonsin' through examining related literatures. Clarifying the term definitions on 'tatto' and 'moonsin', this research is to help fashion consumers to use these terms discretely. In order to figure out consumers' perceptive attitude, this study has performed the questionnaire inquiry and has reached the result by analyzing the level of frequency of using the two terms. 1. The result of the term-preference inquiry tells that consumers prefer 'tattoo' to 'moosin'. However, the inquiry shows considerable number of them use the two terms indiscretely. 2. The study on the perceptions from the two terms shows: the term 'tattoo' is often related to positive images-fashionable, charming, and sexy, and the term 'moonsin' to negative ones-violent, anti-social, and demonic. 3. Both 'tattoo' and 'moonsin' shares the similarity in terms of engraving patterns on skin and coloring them. 4. 'Tattoo' is originally derived from the Polynesian word 'tatau', which means 'artistic'. 'Tatau' is a kind of ethnic art practiced on Polynesian people's skin. The design patterns and practicing techniques are very similar to those on the Polynesian earthware called 'Lapita'.

Control Strategy Compensating for Unbalanced Grid Voltage Through Negative Sequence Current Injection in PMSG Wind Turbines

  • Kang, Jayoon;Park, Yonggyun;Suh, Yongsug;Jung, Byoungchang;Oh, Juhwan;Kim, Jeongjoong;Choi, Youngjoon
    • 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 전력전자학회 2013년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.244-245
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    • 2013
  • This paper proposes a control algorithm for permanent magnet synchronous generator with a back-to-back three-level neutral-point clamped voltage source converter in a medium-voltage offshore wind power system under unbalanced grid conditions. The proposed control algorithm particularly compensates for the unbalanced grid voltage at the point of common coupling in a collector bus of offshore wind power system. This control algorithm has been formulated based on the symmetrical components in positive and negative rotating synchronous reference frames under generalized unbalanced operating conditions. Instantaneous active and reactive power are described in terms of symmetrical components of measured grid input voltages and currents. Negative sequential component of ac input current is injected to the point of common coupling in the proposed control strategy. The amplitude of negative sequential component is calculated to minimize the negative sequential component of grid voltage under the limitation of current capability in a voltage source converter. The proposed control algorithm makes it possible to provide a balanced voltage at the point of common coupling resulting in the generated power of high quality from offshore wind power system under unbalanced network conditions.

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고속 듀얼 모서리 천이 D형 플립-플롭의 설계 (Design of a fast double edge traiggered D-tyupe flip-flop)

  • 박영수
    • 전자공학회논문지C
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    • 제35C권1호
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    • pp.10-14
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    • 1998
  • In this paper a double edge triggered (DET) filp-flop is proposed which changes its output state at both the positive and the negative edge transitions of the triggering input. DET filp-flop has advantages in terms of speed and power dissipation over single edge triggered (SET) filp-flop has proposed DET flip-flop needs only 12 MOS transistors and can operate at clock speed of 500 MHz. Also, the power dissipation has decreased about 33% in comparison to SET flip-flop.

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뇌하수체(腦下垂體) 성선자극(性腺刺戟)호르몬 분비(分泌)의 신경내분비적(神經內分泌的) 조절(調節) (Neuroendocrine Control of Pituitary Gonadotropin Release)

  • 류경자
    • Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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    • 제7권1_2호
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    • pp.3-10
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    • 1980
  • 뇌하수체의 성선자극 홀몬 분비 세포는 혈액내 estradiol양의 변화에 따라 LH와 FSH를 분비하므로써 주기적인 변화를 보인다. 성선 자극 홀몬의 분비는 성선 자극 홀몬을 합성하고 보유하는 두가지 형태의 능력의 크기에 의하여 조절되며 이들을 조절하는 것은 시상하부에서 분비되는 황체형성 홀몬-분비 홀몬(LH-RH)과 난소에서 분비되는 estradiol이다. LH-RH는 성선 자극 홀몬 분비세포에 작용하여 성선 자극 홀몬 합성, 저장 및 분비를 촉진시키며 estradiol은 LH-RH의 기능을 확대하고 LH-RH가 self-priming효과를 나타내도록 유도하기도 하며 LH-RH의 성선 자극 홀몬 분비 기능을 저해하기도 한다. Estradiol은 기저성 성선 자극 홀몬을 분비시키기 위하여 negative feedback작용을 하고 배란성 성선 자극 홀몬을 분비시키기 위하여는 positive feedback작용을 하며 feedback작용 부위는 시상하부 및 뇌하수체 전엽이다. 또한, estradiol이 feedback작용을 하여 성선 자극 홀몬의 분비를 조절하는 데는 LH-RH뿐만 아니라 중추신경-시상하부에서 분비되는 dopamine, norepinephrine, prostaglandin등이 참여한다.

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스마트폰의 지각된 가치와 지속적 사용의도, 그리고 개인 혁신성의 조절효과 (An Empirical Study on Perceived Value and Continuous Intention to Use of Smart Phone, and the Moderating Effect of Personal Innovativeness)

  • 한준형;강성배;문태수
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.53-84
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    • 2013
  • With rapid development of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), new services by the convergence of mobile network and application technology began to appear. Today, smart phone with new ICT convergence network capabilities is exceedingly popular and very useful as a new tool for the development of business opportunities. Previous studies based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggested critical factors, which should be considered for acquiring new customers and maintaining existing users in smart phone market. However, they had a limitation to focus on technology acceptance, not value based approach. Prior studies on customer's adoption of electronic utilities like smart phone product showed that the antecedents such as the perceived benefit and the perceived sacrifice could explain the causality between what is perceived and what is acquired over diverse contexts. So, this research conceptualizes perceived value as a trade-off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice, and we need to research the perceived value to grasp user's continuous intention to use of smart phone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structured relationship between benefit (quality, usefulness, playfulness) and sacrifice (technicality, cost, security risk) of smart phone users, perceived value, and continuous intention to use. In addition, this study intends to analyze the differences between two subgroups of smart phone users by the degree of personal innovativeness. Personal innovativeness could help us to understand the moderating effect between how perceptions are formed and continuous intention to use smart phone. This study conducted survey through e-mail, direct mail, and interview with smart phone users. Empirical analysis based on 330 respondents was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. First, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived usefulness among three factors of perceived benefit has the highest positive impact on perceived value, and then followed by perceived playfulness and perceived quality. Second, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived cost among three factors of perceived sacrifice has significantly negative impact on perceived value, however, technicality and security risk have no significant impact on perceived value. Also, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived value has significant direct impact on continuous intention to use of smart phone. In this regard, marketing managers of smart phone company should pay more attention to improve task efficiency and performance of smart phone, including rate systems of smart phone. Additionally, to test the moderating effect of personal innovativeness, this research conducted multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users. In a group with high level of innovativeness, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived playfulness was the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result of the group with high level of innovativeness explains that innovators and early adopters are able to cope with higher level of cost and risk, and they expect to develop more positive intentions toward higher performance through the use of an innovation. Also, hedonic behavior in the case of the group with low level of innovativeness aims to provide self-fulfilling value to the users, in contrast to utilitarian perspective, which aims to provide instrumental value to the users. However, with regard to perceived sacrifice, both groups in general showed negative impact on perceived value. Also, the group with high level of innovativeness had less overall negative impact on perceived value compared to the group with low level of innovativeness across all factors. In both group with high level of innovativeness and with low level of innovativeness, perceived cost has the highest negative influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with high level of innovativeness showed that perceived technicality was the positive factor to influence perceived value than others. However, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived security risk was the second high negative factor to influence perceived value than others. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on influencing factors on continuous intention to use of smart phone, rather than considering initial purchase and adoption of smart phone. First, perceived value, which was used to identify user's adoption behavior, has a mediating effect among perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, and continuous intention to use smart phone. Second, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value, while perceived cost has significant negative influence on perceived value. Third, perceived value, like prior studies, has high level of positive influence on continuous intention to use smart phone. Fourth, in multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users, perceived usefulness, in a group with high level of innovativeness, has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, perceived playfulness, in a group with low level of innovativeness, has the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result shows that early adopters intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their job useful, instead market followers intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their time enjoyable. In terms of marketing strategy for smart phone company, marketing managers should pay more attention to identify their customers' lifetime value by the phase of smart phone adoption, as well as to understand their behavior intention to accept the risk and uncertainty positively. The academic contribution of this study primarily is to employ the VAM (Value-based Adoption Model) as a conceptual foundation, compared to TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) used widely by previous studies. VAM is useful for understanding continuous intention to use smart phone in comparison with TAM as a new IT utility by individual adoption. Perceived value dominantly influences continuous intention to use smart phone. The results of this study justify our research model adoption on each antecedent of perceived value as a benefit and a sacrifice component. While TAM could be widely used in user acceptance of new technology, it has a limitation to explain the new IT adoption like smart phone, because of customer behavior intention to choose the value of the object. In terms of theoretical approach, this study provides theoretical contribution to the development, design, and marketing of smart phone. The practical contribution of this study is to suggest useful decision alternatives concerned to marketing strategy formulation for acquiring and retaining long-term customers related to smart phone business. Since potential customers are interested in both benefit and sacrifice when evaluating the value of smart phone, marketing managers in smart phone company has to put more effort into creating customer's value of low sacrifice and high benefit so that customers will continuously have higher adoption on smart phone. Especially, this study shows that innovators and early adopters with high level of innovativeness have higher adoption than market followers with low level of innovativeness, in terms of perceived usefulness and perceived cost. To formulate marketing strategy for smart phone diffusion, marketing managers have to pay more attention to identify not only their customers' benefit and sacrifice components but also their customers' lifetime value to adopt smart phone.

Toxic Effects of Catechol and 4-Chlorobenzoate Stresses on Bacterial Cells

  • Park, Sang-Ho;Ko, Yeon-Ja;Kim, Chi-Kyung
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.206-212
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    • 2001
  • Catechol and 4-chlorobenzoate (4CBA) which are produced from the biodegradation of a variety of aromatic and chloroaromatics have been recognized as toxic to living organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of catechol and 4-chlorobenzoate on gram-positive and -negative bacteria were examined in terms of survival, morphology, change in fatty acids and membrane protein composition. The survival rate of the organisms during treatment for 6 h was decreased, as the concentration of each aromatic was increased. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas cells treated with catechol and 4CBA at concentrations causing a significant decrease in their viability, showed destructive openings in their cell envelopes. Bacills subtilis treated with the aromatics were reduced in cell size and Staphylococcus aureus cells displayed irregular rod shapes with wrinkled surfaces. The bacterial cells treated with 20 mM catechol showed increases in unsaturated fatty acids, but several saturated fatty acids were decreased. In the E. coli cells treated with 20 mM catechol, inner membrane proteins of 150 kDa and 105 kDa were decreased. But several kinds of the inner and outer membrane proteins were increased. In B. subtilis treated with 20 mM catechol, several kinds of proteins were increased or decreased in membrane proteins.

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Moderating effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) on job burnout in dietitians and chefs of institutional foodservice

  • Lee, Kyung-Eun
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.80-87
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    • 2011
  • The objectives of the study were to investigate job burnout and leader-member exchange (LMX) levels as well as to evaluate buffering effects of LMX on burnout among dietitians and chefs at institutional foodservices. Hypotheses were proposed based on the Job Demands-Resources model and LMX theory. The study population consisted of dietitians and chefs who were in charge of managing unit operations in a nationwide contract management company. Positive/negative affectivity, workload, job burnout, and LMX scales that bad been validated in previous research were adopted A total of 552 questionnaires were distributed and 154 responses were returned. Results indicated that respondents' burnout levels were moderate and emotional exhaustion was greater than cynicism. In terms of LMX, the surveyed dietitians and chefs showed higher respect toward their supervisors than loyalty. When positive affectivity and negative affectivity were controlled, workload influenced emotional exhaustion and professional efficacy significantly. With affectivity and workload controlled, however, LMX did not influence any dimensions of burnout. The moderating effect of LMX on the relationship between workload and cynicism was significant. That is, the effect of workload on cynicism was weak if the dietitians and chefs perceived the relationship with their supervisor positively. Based on the findings and literature reviewed, how to mitigate job burnout among foodservice managers is discussed.

연구개발 전문가 유형에 따른 인적자원관리

  • 김영배;차종석
    • 기술경영경제학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 기술경영경제학회 1997년도 제11회 하계학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.57-82
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    • 1997
  • This paper empirically examines various personal characteristics and preferences of HRM (Human Resorce Mamagement) systems using data from 968 R&D professionals in 9 private R&D organizations. It identifies different patterns of reward and career development needs associated with 4 types of R&D professionals, who are categorized by personal characteristics: personality and attitude. A productive leader type shows active personal traits (which encompass high scores of need for achievement, risk-taking propensity, tolerance for ambiguity, and self-efficacy) and positive attitudes (which include high scores of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and low scores of turnover intention), while a cynical bystander type exhibits passive personal traits and negative attitudes toward a job. A passive adapter, who has passive personal characteristics but positive attitudes, and a frustrated champion, who is active in personality but negative in current job attitude, lie in between them. The results reveal that: 1) These four different types of R&D professionals show differences in their education, age and tenure level, and technical performance. 2) They have different career orientations and problem solving styles. 3) They also exhibit different preferences in performance appraisal criteria and rater, and reward structures. Based on these findings, this study suggests a contingent type of human resource management in terms of selection and staffing of R&D professionals, performance appraisal, incentive systems, and career development plans.

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마목(麻木)과 이상감각(異常感覺)과의 연관성에 관한 연구(1) (The Study on Clinical relations of Mamok and Abnormal sensations)

  • 고성규
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.251-266
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    • 1997
  • The results are as follows. 1. Oriental medical terms which express abnormal sensations are Bulin, Mamok, Mamokbulin. 2. Bulin, Oriental medical terminology, was used from Naegyeong's era to the Song Dynasty era and expressed as one of the symptoms in Jungpung(Stroke), Bi syndrome(Obstruction syndrom of Gi and Hyeol), Wi syndrome(Flaccid paralysis of the limbs), Hyeolbi(One of the Bi syndroms). But since the Keum Dynasty era, Mamok or Mamokbulin were more used than Bulin and that was refered as seperated disease. 3. Ma is paresthesia or dysthesia on the skin and the limbs, and the symtoms are not itchy, patients are felt like insect's crawling or bite. Mok is a stubborn symptom , the patients are felt like tree, which don't know pain and itching sensation. And therefore Ma is similar to positive phenomena and Mok is similar to negative phenomena in clinical aspect. 4. Mamok is GiHyeol(Gi is functional activities, Hyeol is blood) and Gyeonglak(Meridian system)'s disease. It's main causes are Giheo(Deficiency of Gi) and Hyeolhel(dificiency of Blood) and inducing tactors are Pung-Han-Seub(pathogenic wind-cold-dump) and Damtak(Phlegm-turbity), Eohyeol(Stagnated blood). 5. Mamok is induced from mononeuritis, multiple mononeuritis, polyneuropathy in the peripheral nervous lesions and also induced from cervical spondylosis, spinal tumour, multiple sclerosis, cerebrospinal vascular disease in central nervous systems.

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