• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2020

In recent years, an increase in deaths and injuries of port cargo handling workers, has raised the need for more effective accident management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accident risk for port cargo handling workers and assess ports with high accident risk within the Korean alternative ports using the Entropy & GRA (Grey Relational Analysis). To achieve this purpose, first, 11 Korean ports were selected and the evaluative factors for their outranking evaluation by brainstorming were extracted. Second, the Grey Relational Coefficient of 11 alternative ports was calculated using the GRA. This paper, finally, determined the priority orders of accident risk through calculation of the Grey Relational Grade as the link Grey Relational Coefficient method and the weights of the evaluative factors were calculated by using the Entropy method. In the proposed model, eight criteria such as cargo worker, old cargo worker, work hours, facilities environment, steel cargo volumes, cargo volumes, injury numbers, and death numbers were collected. Busan port was identified as highest accident risk port, and so it should be a top priority to develop a plan to mitigate the risk.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.79-101
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to identify key factors of Co-opetition through examining the environmental and structural changes in the ports industry and suggest a few Co-opetition strategies for enhancing our ports capabilities in the long-term. In recent years, the trend toward market liberalization and globalization in ports industry has made rapid progress and it made the competition fiercer. To survive in this rapid changes, the ports have traditionally pursed a competitive strategy. However, an alternative strategy replacing the traditional strategy was introduced: namely, 'Co-opetition' a buzzword combining competition and co operation. Policy proposals this study suggests are the construction of a database regarding costs and benefits of ports for more effective analysis and improving the competitive power of a shipping company operating national flag carriers for achieving the purpose of Co-opetition and adoption of selection and concentration strategy for increasing the possibility of Co-opetition success.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.363-372
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• 2002

Recently, mutual economy cooperation in Northeast Asia has leaded steady growth among main countries of it and rather promoted a single economy circle. In this region, Busan container port competes with min container ports in China, Taiwan and Japan in it for attracting transshipment container traffic of north-Shanghai in China and for-east Russia. Therefore, this paper aims to suggest competitive strategies for Busan container port to attract container traffic in Northeast Asia To do so, it evaluates the preference of important ports in the competitive situation and competitiveness edgy of important ports in Northeast Asia, and finally proposes the relative order of important factors. Based on the evaluation of it, first, the Busan ports hue tn strengthen port facilities to attract more traffic and in detail, reinforce the number of berth, yard areas and handling equipment Second, they also have to provide high quality of services to deliver cargos in time, not being damaged and swiftly response to shipowner and shipper's claim, Third, they need to review the strategy to adopt flexible tariff policy and to invest the profit from tariff in port service and facilities, as providing higher port tariff level by a regular rate.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to suggest a major strategy to become effective for each port in Northeast Asia by analyzing the relative efficiency of each port to determine the current level of efficiency, efficient harbors plan. Individual port of the major 16 ports in Northeast Asia was analysed targeting efficiency and relative efficiency. In this study, DEA technique was used. Of the DEA model, CCR (constant returns to scale) models and BCC (variable return to scale) model was applied to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of the port. Then the efficiency measured through CCR model is again compared with the efficiency measured by the BCC model. In this way, the empirical analysis includes the input factors of the operating ports such as the number of berths, wharf, depth, total area of the pier, C / C numbers and output elements includes the container throughput. The results of the study show that most of the ports in China is efficient whereas those in Korea and Japan are relatively inefficient. There are some pairs of ports which has the similar input factors, like Busan port and Shanghai port, Lianyungang port and Incheon port, Dalian port and Gwangyang port, but the container throughput of them has a huge difference.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.449-462
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• 2010

Ongoing port baseline surveys are essential for developing ballast water management procedures in order to control unwanted or potentially risky species. Seasonal distributional patterns of marine dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans internationally recognized as harmful species and the related environmental factors were surveyed at Incheon, Gwangyang and Ulsan seaports in Korea from 2007 to 2009. The above three seaports were chosen because of their status as the busiest in Korea and characterized by their different bioregions. Average temperature ranged from $2.08^{\circ}C$ in winter to $26.39^{\circ}C$ in summer at Incheon, $7.22^{\circ}C$ in winter to $25.77^{\circ}C$ in summer at Gwangyang, and $11.59^{\circ}C$ in winter to $21.67^{\circ}C$ in summer at Ulsan during the study period. Average salinity varied from 26.88 in winter to 31.25 in summer at Incheon, 22.83 in winter to 33.41 in summer at Gwangyang, and 30.04 in winter to 33.90 in summer at Ulsan. Noctiluca scintillans appeared consistently at all ports during the study period, indicating its eurythermal and euryhaline nature. The highest abundances (21,813 to 41,753 $inds{\cdot}m^{-3}$) of N. scintillans were observed in May 2008 and 2009 at the outer stations of Incheon port. Abundances of between 10,000 and 30,000 $inds{\cdot}m^{-3}$ were only observed at the innermost station of Ulsan in May, while abundances of between 10,000 and 40,000 $inds{\cdot}m^{-3}$ were frequently observed throughout all stations at Gwangyang during the study period, coinciding with consistently high concentration of chlorophyll-a (hereafter chl-a) ($4.32-8.24\;{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$) compared to other ports. Spatio-temporal variation of chl-a concentration was not significantly correlated with abundances of N. scintillans (p>0.01). However, relatively high chl-a concentrations were consistently recorded along with high abundances of N. scintillans throughout all stations at Gwangyang compared to other ports. Abundances of N. scintillans observed at the three surveyed ports did not significantly (p>0.01) affect the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the surface mixed layer, indicating that the species abundances were not enough to cause reduction of dissolved oxygen during the study period. Presented results indicated that the Gwangyang seaport may provide the most suitable environment for a wide range of N. scintillans blooming compared to other ports.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.159-178
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• 2012

Recently, Global network expansion strategy of GTOs(Global Terminal Operator) coupled with each country's port policy, plays huge role for the evolution of modern container port. The Chinese ports can be regarded as the major markets to the GTOs. However, there are scant of researches for finding the key success factors of GTOs' strategies when they consider to invest in overseas. In this respect, the aims of this study were to draw out the evaluation variables for successful investment strategies of GTOs, and to calculate the selected target ports. The 14 variables are selected including the variable named 'development potentiality of a port' through literature reviews. Using the Factor Analysis (FA) based on selected variables, four principal factors were extracted such as 'ability for port operating and cargo generating', 'the trade route and volume', 'the calling potentiality for large vessels' and 'the possibility of utilization of existing infrastructure'. In addition, the weights of factors and variables are evaluated through Fuzzy AHP method. As a result, 'ability for port operating and cargo generating' is chosen as the most important factor among principal factors as scored 0.343, and 'the development potentiality of a port' (0.107) is represented as the most important variable among 14 detailed variables. In overall, from the Global Terminal Operator's point of view, Shanghai is ranked as most suitable port for operating new terminal among the top 5 Chinese ports.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

Green logistics is regarded as an inevitable global trend in the 21st century. It can be accomplished through more broad and active reverse logistics globally, resulting in use of less fossil fuels, finally reducing carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Many countries such as U.S., Japan, EU nations have already set up policies related to carbon reduction, so-called 'green policies.' This paper aims to identify evaluation criteria for logistics policies and relative importance among those criteria, especially in the field of ports and in-land hub terminals. We examined projects related to carbon reduction from domestic and foreign ports and logistics centers and found evaluation factors and assessment indicators. With pre-evaluative items and pre-assessment indicators, we have done a survey and selected evaluation factors and assessment indicators for ports and inland hub terminals in Korea. By analyzing the mutual importance of each pre-evaluative items and pre-assessment indicators related to carbon reduction policies, this research provides guidelines on selecting the key items for the propulsion of carbon reduction projects. This study shows the importance of preliminary evaluation items and indexes with AHP in evaluating carbon reduction policies and the result shows the restrictions and change in transportation and use of alternative fuels. Lastly, it provides a guideline to policy-makers and firm managers in the field of green logistics.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.91-107
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• 2011

This paper is concerned about applying the Fuzzy-AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) for an analysis of logistics network between Gwangyang port and China ports. In this study, measurement areas were selected for hardware aspect, software aspect, and marketing aspect. As for the analysis regarding measurement area, the results were shown as follows: a marketing aspect(38.7%) as the first rank: a hardware aspect(35.3%) as the second rank: a software aspect(26.0%) as the third rank. The analysis result of hardware aspect reveals that the most important element is regular route addition between Gwangyang port and China ports(45.2%). The most important element of software and marketing aspect were a government support(46.4%) and a high value transshipment cargo inducement(36.4%). As for the whole priority which conversion weight was applied, the results were shown as follows: a regular route addition between Gwangyang port and China ports(15.9%) as the first rank: a high value transshipment cargo inducement(14.1%) as the second rank: a attracting import cargo from China(12.9%) as the third rank. The result of this study suggests some guidelines for deciding priority of logistics network between Gwangyang port and China ports.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.219-254
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• 2014

Due to the recent development of globalization and supply chain management, growth of international trade has led to increasing cargo volume around the world. Since maritime logistics environments have changed, increased container ship size, improvement of harbor equipment, global port operation and rapid technological development have had an significant effects on shipping and port industry, which is contributing to competitiveness of port. Since a larger volume of port throughputs are generally regarded as an indicator of the more competitive port, inefficient port operation could reduce its competitiveness. On the other hand, high efficient ports could increase their competitive power while increasing cargo volume. This study aims at comparing competitiveness of the ports in the Northeast Asia by investigating changes of container throughputs and evaluating efficiency performance of ports. Shift-Share analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) have been conducted with 21 Northeast Asian ports and then separated them into 4 groups for comparative analysis to identify competitive position of each port. The results of this study show that Incheon and Gwangyang port have been decreased container cargo volume, while volume of Busan port would increase by means of active marketing, various route development and incentive policy for the port.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.151-168
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to show the brief efficiency and clustering measurement way by using the game cross-efficiency model which is newly introduced in this paper for 13 container ports during 3 years(2009, 2010, and 2013) with 3 input variables(depth, total area, and number of crane) and 1 output variable(container TEU). The main empirical results are as follows. First, the average rankings of game cross-efficiency model are Ningbo, Hongkong, Shanghai, Dubai, Singapore, Qingdao, Kaosiung, Busan, Tokyo, Incheon, Nagoya, Manila, Gwangyang ports in order. Second, according to ANOVA analysis, three models show the similar results in terms of the efficiency rankings. Third, in the clustering analysis using dendrogram, group A(Shangahi and Busan), group B(Ningbo and Nagoya), and group C(Incheon and Manila) show the common clustering ports during 3 or 2 years. The policy implication of this paper is that Korean port policy planner should introduce the game cross-efficiency method when measuring the individual port efficiency. Also port authority should consider the merits of the clustering ports for improving the port management and operations.