• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.130-136
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality properties of emulsion-type pork sausages when pork fat is replaced with vegetable oil mixtures during processing. Pork sausages were processed under six treatment conditions: T1 (20% pork fat), T2 (10% pork fat + 2% grape seed oil + 4% olive oil + 4% canola oil), T3 (4% grape seed oil + 16% canola oil), T4 (4% grape seed oil + 4% olive oil + 12% canola oil), T5 (4% grape seed oil + 8% olive oil + 8% canola oil), and T6 (4% grape seed oil + 12% olive oil + 4% canola oil). Proximate analysis showed significant (p<0.05) differences in the moisture, protein, and fat content among the emulsion-type pork sausages. Furthermore, replacement with vegetable oil mixtures significantly decreased the ash content (p<0.05), increased water-holding capacity in emulsion-type pork sausages. Also, cholesterol content in T6 was significantly lower than T2 (p<0.05). In the texture profile analysis, hardness and chewiness of emulsion-type pork sausages were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by vegetable oil mixtures replacement. On the contrary, cohesiveness and springiness in the T4 group were similar to those of group T1. The unsaturated fatty acid content in emulsion-type pork sausages was increased by vegetable oil mixtures replacement. Replacement of pork fat with mixed vegetable oils had no negative effects on the quality properties of emulsion-type pork sausages, and due to its reduced saturated fatty acid composition, the product had the quality characteristics of the healthy meat products desired by consumers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.274-284
• /
• 2012

In this study, the effects of physical parameters (30-270 MPa of pressure, 3-57 min of time, and 1-$49^{\circ}C$ of temperature) on pork quality were investigated. Response surface methodology was used in order to monitor and model the changes in pork quality under varied pressure conditions. As quality characteristics, shear force, water holding capacity (WHC) and the CIE color of pork were measured, and optimum pressure conditions were evaluated by statistical modeling. Pressure improved the WHC of pork at relatively low temperature ($<25^{\circ}C$); however, the opposite occurred with increasing temperature. Although pressure and temperature affected the tenderness of the meat, interaction effects among variations were not observed. At pressure levels higher than 200 MPa, the color of pork differed markedly from that of the untreated controls. In particular, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed marked evidence of myosin denaturation. The present study demonstrates that pork quality varies depending on pressure conditions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.58 no.8
• /
• pp.32.1-32.7
• /
• 2016

Background: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of persimmon peel (PPM) supplementation on carcass performance, pork quality, eating quality, fatty acid composition, and cholesterol concentration of the porcine longissimus dorsi muscle. Results: No adverse effects of PPM supplementation were observed on carcass and meat quality characteristics among the treatment groups (P > 0.05), whereas pork loins from pigs fed a diet supplemented with 0.9 % persimmon peel (T3) showed more tender meat than did pork loins from pigs fed a control diet (P < 0.01), even though no significant difference was observed between the control and T1 group. The T3 group had higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to saturated fatty acids (0.33 vs. 0.28, P < 0.05) and lower total cholesterol concentration (94.4 vs. 99.1 mg/g, P < 0.05) compared to the control group. Persimmon peel appeared to have beneficial effects on fatty acid composition and cholesterol concentration, probably leading to a hypocholesterolemic effect. Conclusions: Animal diets fortified with persimmon peel represents an efficient and useful method for improving the nutritional quality of pork without impairing growth performance and eating quality properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.261-270
• /
• 1999

Consumers are increasingly quality orientated and an understanding of the factors that influence product quality is a prerequisite to the development of programs to produce quality pork to meet market requirements. Pork quality is comprised of many components and is multi-factorial in nature. This review focuses on genetic and environmental influences on muscle color, water holding capacity, and palatability attributes. The impact of genetic factors such as breed variation and the influence of major genes (the Halothane and Rendement Napole genes), as well as relationships between carcass leanness and quality, are considered. In addition, the effect of nutrition, including vitamins and minerals, feeding level, and dietary energy:protein ratio, on pork quality is reviewed. Finally, the impact of diet on fat composition and quality is summarized.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.286-292
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of freezing and thawing methods on the quality of pork meat. The freezing methods for pork meat were the cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen gas, fast freezing at $-70^{\circ}C$ and normal freezing at $-20^{\circ}C$. The thawing methods were tested on low temperature thawing at refrigerative temperature($4^{\circ}C$), room temperature($20^{\circ}C$), high temperature($60^{\circ}C$) and using microwave. The quality of pork meat frozen by cryogenic methods was better than those of fast and normal freezing methods. The cooking hardness of pork meat frozen by cryogenic method showed the highest value as 1,898 g. In case of fast freezing, the hardness of pork meat was 1,472 g and that of normal frozen pork meat was 1,541 g. The high cooking hardness value of cryogenic frozen pork meat showed that the cryogenic freezing method made less freeze damage like textural softness. The drip-loss of pork meat thawed at refrigerative temperature($4^{\circ}C$), room temperature($20^{\circ}C$), high temperature($60^{\circ}C$) were shown lower than that of microwave thawing. The cooking hardness of pork meat that was thawed by microwave showed the lowest value among the thawing methods. The cryogenic freezing was the most useful freezing method for preserving quality, decreasing the freeze damage of pork meat. And thawing at refrigerative temperature was the most effective method to prevent quality loss and weight loss by drip-loss.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.271-281
• /
• 1999

The cost of production of high quality pork is compensated by high returns, but constraints by the market are increasing. A few opportunities to maintain and improve pork quality by dietary means are presented. The healthy value of pork is a prerequisite. A careful control of suppliers and preservation of feeds are essential to protect pork against presence of contaminants from the feed. The feeding level and some dietary components modify the partition of the dietary energy into different pig tissues and chemical components of pork, affecting the hygienic and nutritional value, tenderness and taste. It is difficult to transfer a nutrient from the diet to pork, if the requirements. for growth are satisfied. Fatty acids and Vitamin E are the most studied exceptions. There is some evidence that iron and selenium contents can be affected too. Varying the content of a nutrient frequently changes sensorial and technological properties of pork. The addition of oils improves the acidic profile of depot fats, but the effect on phospholipid composition is not well studied and negative effects on oxidability and consistency of meat products are observed. Vitamin E can improve many healthy and sensorial characteristics, but its effect is clearer when the meat is stressed or manipulated.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.369-376
• /
• 2016

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dry aging on the quality of pork loin. Longissimus lumborum muscles were dissected from the right half of five pork carcasses and were used as the control samples. The left halves of the carcasses were aged at 2±1℃ and a relative humidity of 80% for 40 d. The total aerobic bacteria count was similar between the control and dry-aged pork loin (p>0.05). Lactic-acid bacteria was absent in both the control and dry-aged pork loins. Dry-aged pork loin contained low moisture and high protein and ash compared to the controls (p<0.05). The pH was higher and cooking loss was lower in dry-aged pork loin compared to that in the control (p<0.05). Flavor related compounds, such as total free amino acid, hypoxanthine, and inosine of pork loin were higher in dry-aged pork loin; whereas, inosine 5'-monophosphate and guanosine 5'-monophosphate were low in dry-aged pork loin than control (p<0.05). There was no difference in carnosine and anserine content between dry-aged pork loin and the control (p>0.05). Dry-aged pork loin had lower hardness and shear force and received higher core in sensory evaluation than the control (p<0.05). According to the results, dry aging improved textural and sensorial quality of pork loin.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.71-79
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to determine the effect of multilayered fish oil (FO) emulsion without or with trans-cinnamal-dehyde on pork patties. Multilayered FO (-primary, -secondary, -tertiary) emulsions were prepared using a layer-by-layer deposition technique with Tween 20, chitosan, and low methoxyl pectin, and were added to pork patties at the same concentration. Pork patties were then stored for 20 d in a refrigerator ($5^{\circ}C$) to study changes in quality. The results showed that the pH value of all samples significantly decreased but cooking loss increased during storage (p<0.05). However, water-holding capacity and moisture content showed no remarkable difference between treatments and storage periods (p>0.05). All pork patties containing multilayered FO (treated samples) showed higher values for lightness and significantly lower values for yellowness compared to control pork patties (untreated sample). Lipid oxidation was higher in treated pork patties than in control pork patties during storage. In addition, lipid oxidation and total viable bacterial count in pork patties decreased as the number of coating layers increased. However, hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness of all samples showed no significant change during storage (p>0.05) as compared to fresh pork patties. Furthermore, these did not remarkable change with addition of trans-cinnamaldehyde in all pork patties. From our results, we suggest that FO emulsion did not affect the texture characteristics of fresh pork patties, indicating that it could be used to improve the quality of pork patties by contributing high-quality fat such as unsaturated fatty acids.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of drip addition on quality and sensory characteristics of pork sausage. The pH of pork sausage was not affected by addition of nitrite or drip. Hunter's "a" value of pork sausage nitrite added was higher than pork sausage none added nitrite. The remained content of nitrite in nitrite added pork sausage was not over the permitted value(70ppm). The hardness, springiness, chewiness and brittleness of pork sausage added drip was higher than pork sausage none added drip. The free amino acid content was higher in pork sausage prepared by addition of nitrite and drip. The sensory value was not different between samples. The VBN, TBARS and total plate count during storage was low in pork sausage prepared by addition on nitrite. There, the drip was desirable to use in preparation of meat product.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.1092-1098
• /
• 1999

Gamma irradiation was applied to pork for improving its hygienic quality and evaluating its possible genotoxicity. The effective dose of irradiation was 3 kGy in pork for the sterilization of all contaminated microorganisms tested. After 8 weeks of storage at 5oC, no growth of microorganisms except for psychrophile and total aerobic bacteria was observed in the more than 3 kGy irradiated pork. The genotoxicity of high dose irradiated pork(30 kGy) was evaluated by Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay, chromosomal aberration test and in vivo micronucleus assay. The results were negative in the bacterial reversion assay with S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537. In chromosomal aberration tests with CHL cells and in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, no significant difference in the incidences of chromosomal aberration and micronuclei was seen between nonirradiated and 30 kGy irradiated porks. These results indicate that 30 kGy irradiated pork did not show any genotoxic effects under these experimental conditions.