• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the infection situation of several diseases (post-weaning atrophic pigs) such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in swine breeding complex in Jeonbuk-Iksan. From February to October in 2006, a total of 28 swine samples (6-10 week old) were collected from 6 farms and examined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and clinical signs. In the rate of single infection, pneumonia was top (32.1%), followed by salmonellosis (14.2%)and Glasser's disease (10.7%) and double infection pneumonia/Glasser's disease (17.8%) was detected. PCR was detected of PCV 2 from 28 (100.0%) and PPV 6 (21.4%), PRRS PORF6 10 (35.7%) and POR7 11 (39.2%), but HC and AD was not detected. The results suggest that PCV 2 is complex infection PRRS, PPV and bacterial disease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

In order to obtain the genetic information of the Korean isolates of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), complete genomes of five isolates from Korean PCVD weaned pigs with wasting syndromes were sequenced and compared with those of other published PCV2 isolates. Of the five PCV2 isolates, four (1767 nucleotides) were classified into PCV2b, and one (1,768 nucleotides) was PCV2a. Moreover, it appeared that PCV2b is now the dominant genotype circulating in Korea herds. Total complete genomes of four PCV2b isolates shared $99.1{\sim}99.4%$ nucleotide sequence homology each other, and were only $95.4{\sim}96.2%$ similar to one PCV2a isolate. ORF2 genome of four PCV2b isolates shared over 99% nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence identity to each other. Nevertheless, those were much divergent with the PCV2a isolate of this study and ranged from $92.3{\sim}92.7%$ nucleotide homology and $91.9{\sim}92.3%$ deduced amino acid sequence homology, respectively. The amino acid sequence alignments of the putative capsid protein identified three major regions of amino acid heterogeneity at residues $59{\sim}91$, $121{\sim}136$ and $190{\sim}210$. Two of those correspond with dominant immunoreactive areas. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome of PCV2 isolates showed that four PCV2b isolates of this study existed the closest relationship with European strains (Netherland, UK and France). One PCV2a isolate was closely related to Japan and North America strains.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

A novel porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was recently identified in Chinese and Korean pig herds. Although several conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were used for PCV4 detection, more sensitive and reliable qPCR assay is needed that can simultaneously detect PCV4 and internal positive control (IPC) to avoid false-negative results. In the present study, a duplex qPCR (dqPCR) assay was developed using primers/probe sets targeting the PCV4 Cap gene and pig (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) GAPDH gene as an IPC. The developed dqPCR assay was specifically detected PCV4 but not other PCVs and porcine pathogens, indicating that the newly designed primers/probe set is specific to the PCV4 Cap gene. Furthermore, GAPDH was stably amplified by the dqPCR in all tested viral and clinical samples containing pig cellular materials, indicating the high reliability of the dqPCR assay. The limit of detection of the assay 5 copies of the target PCV4 genes, but the sensitivity of the assay was higher than that of the previously described assays. The assay demonstrated high repeatability and reproducibility, with coefficients of intra-assay and inter-assay variation of less than 1.0%. Clinical evaluation using 102 diseased pig samples from 18 pig farms showed that PCV4 circulated in the Korean pig population. The detection rate of PCV4 obtained using the newly developed dqPCR was 26.5% (27/102), which was higher than that obtained using the previously described cPCR and TaqMan probe-based qPCR and similar to that obtained using the previously described SYBR Green-based qPCR. The dqPCR assay with IPC is highly specific, sensitive, and reliable for detecting PCV4 from clinical samples, and it will be useful for etiological diagnosis, epidemiological study, and control of the PCV4 infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2009

The prevalence of potentially xenozoonotic viruses in the reproductive tract of female pigs in Korea was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These viruses include porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV), porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). Histopathological examination and PCR analysis were conducted using the ovaries of 70 slaughtered pigs that were collected from 14 farms in Jeju. Histopathologically, infiltrations of mononuclear inflammatory cells around the thick-walled coiled vessels in the ovarian medulla were observed in 15 cases. Based on the PCR method, PERV, PLHV, PRRSV, SHEV, and PCV-2 were detected in 69 (98.6%), 35 (50%), 5 (7.1%), 4 (5.7%), and 1 sample (1.4%), respectively. These results suggest that PERV and PLHV are the major xenozoonotic viruses in the porcine ovary. This study should aid in the development of a monitoring protocol for potential xenozoonotic agents and in the production of germ-free pigs for xenotransplantation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.235-243
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• 2017

Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium is highly contagious, and its infection may rapidly spread within pig populations of herd. According to the survey (1,191 pigs) from 2003 to 2012, 155 pigs (13.0%) were diagnosed as salmonellosis in Jeju. Major porcine salmonellosis cases (88.4%) were concentrated in 4- to 12-week-old weaned pigs, but 6 pigs (3.9%) under 4 weeks old were also diagnosed. Based on the histopathologic examinations, ulcerative enteritis (63.9%) in the large intestine and/or paratyphoid nodules formation (57.4%) in the liver were most prevalent lesions in porcine salmonellosis. Single infection of S. Typhimurium and mixed infection with more than 2 pathogens were detected in 38 (24.5%) and 117 (75.5%) in pigs, respectively. Co-infections of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Porcine circovirus type 2 were very common in porcine salmonellosis in Jeju and detected in 84 (54.2%) and 59 (38.1%) pigs, respectively. Based on the serotyping tests using 41 bacterial isolates, S. Typhimurium and S. Rissen were confirmed in 39 (95.1%) and 2 (4.9%) cases, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.61.1-61.16
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• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2017

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a notorious and ubiquitous virus in the swine industry. The susceptibility of the host to PCV2 infection is considered to be one factor associated with the dynamics of PCV2. The objective of this study was to verify the criteria for host susceptibility to PCV2, using blood parameters of post-weaned pigs naturally infected with the virus. The PCV2 DNA viral load, antibody titer, and leukopenia characteristics were measured in the serum extracted from the pigs at the 10th week. We classified the pigs into high (>5.0), intermediate (3.0 to 5.0), and low (<3.0) groups on the basis of the PCV2 viral load (log copies/ml), or as positive (${\leq}0.50$) and negative (>0.50) groups on the basis of antibody titer (sample-to-negative corrected ratio). Moreover, using these two categorized parameters, we suggested the criteria for classification into the susceptible and resistant groups. Statistical analyses revealed that pigs in the susceptible group had a significantly higher viral load (p<0.001) and negative antibody titer (p<0.001), as well as significantly lower leukocyte counts (p=0.018) and lower amounts of several leukocyte components (p<0.05), than pigs in the resistant group. We concluded that the susceptible group could be considered to have PCV2-induced leukopenia. Therefore, we suggest that the combined classifications of viral loads and anti-PCV2 antibodies can be used to determine PCV2-induced leukopenia in the subclinical PCV2 infection of post-weaned pig populations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2003

PMWS is characterised by weight loss and dyspnea combined with pathological findings of interstitial pneumonia and generalized enlarged lymph nodes. Typical histological lesions include multifocal granulomatous pneumonia, and lymphocyte depletion and multinucleated giant cell formation in lymph nodes[1,2]. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.72.1-73
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.353-358
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• 1999

New emerging post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) threatening swine industry worldwide and investigation of the etiological agent is underway. The porcine circovirus (PCV) consistently identified from PMWS pigs and research result indicate that there is strong relationship between PCV and PMWS. Fauns with PMWS submitted pigs suffered from various PMWS typical signs and necropsy finding showed lymph node anomalies. The PCV DNA was amplified from inguinal lymph node collected from pigs with PMWS. PCV specific primers were successfully amplified PCV DNAs and were able to differentiate PCV type I and II. We have identified noble PCV virus with genetic variation. The virus showed insertion of the nucleic acid at the 5' of the genome but did not have PCR product with primer set corresponding to PCV type II virus.