• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.655-661
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• 2022

Iota carrageenan-containing surimi was refrigerated for 7 days to investigate the change in its properties. Physical properties, color differences, and sensory evaluation were tested for analysis after addition of 0-3 Wt% iota carrageenan. In unheated surimi, the 2% carrageenan- containing surimi had higher chromaticity and color difference compared to the surimi without added carrageenan. However, the surimi with 3% iota carrageenan showed enhanced yellowness, resulting in a modified color difference. Surimi containing iota carrageenan showed the same trend in color difference in heated surimi after storage for 7 days, particularly when carrageenan content was 2% or greater. The hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the heated Iota carrageenan-containing surimi also increased after 7 days of storage. Compared to surimi without added carrageenan, the heated Iota carrageenan-containing surimi had higher hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and lower adhesiveness after storage. The overall preference for surimi decreased, while the hardness increased, when carrageenan was added. Therefore, the addition of the iota carrageenan to stored surimi can significantly enhance its hardness.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.143-154
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• 2016

This study is related to develop a snail extract through a snail secondary fermentation process, getting anti-aging activity with healthy and beauty skin care scientific applications. In order to obtain a primary fermentation was incubated with Hericium erinaceus mycelium. Through the secondary fermentation process using Leuconostoc mesenteroides, was deeply described a total process of obtaining second fermented extract using snail body. Mycelium is applied in this study was extracted using Hericium erinaceus mycelium and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The final yield of the extract was 62 wt%. Experimental results of secondary fermentation snail extract were contained with 32 wt% water, 31.5 wt% total amino acid protein, 15.7 wt% polysaccharide, 12.3 wt% fatty acid and others 8.5 wt%. In addition, in order to study about skin beauty care and anti-aging activity, we evaluated antioxidant activity with DPPH, elastin enzyme (elastase) inhibitory activity, tyrosinase inhibition rate, collagen synthetic function, fibroblast synthetic activity. First; anti-oxidative activity of secondary fermentation snail extract (IC50%) was spent with 7.27 mg/mL, control samples were spent with green tea extract was 11.8 mg/mL, common snails extract was 15.7 mg/mL, DL-a-tocopherol was 9.25 mg/mL respectively. Second; elastin enzyme inhibitory activity of secondary fermentation snail extract (IC50%) was spent with 32.5 mg/mL, control samples were also spent with green tea extract was 45.9 mg/mL, general snail extract was 67.7 mg/mL. Third; tyrosinase inhibitory activity of secondary fermentation snail extract (IC50%) was spent with 140.3 mg/mL, control samples were also spent with green tea extract was 250.7 mg/mL, general snails extract was 389.5 mg/mL, niacineamide was 125.9 mg/mL. Forth; fibroblast synthetic activity of secondary fermentation snail extract was increased with 125.6%, control samples were also spent with green tea extract was 98.9%, general snails extract was 109.5%, niacineamide was 125.9 mg/mL, DL-a-tocopherol was 96.2%. Fifth; collagen synthetic activity of secondary fermentation snail extract was increased with 118%, control samples were also spent with green tea extract was 87.3%, general snails extract was 93.2%, adenosine was 127.9%. In conclusion, on the basis of this study, in the future it is expected to be applied to the skin beauty care application and development of Korean style cosmetic products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 2013

Dried ginseng (DG) is in fact the representing ginseng product in the worldwide market. Although it is made in various packages depending on the processing method, size and age of DG, basic scientific data reporting the chemical components are limited. In this study, 4-year-old curved ginseng (CG), one of the domestic DG products, was selected for further investigation. Eighty-six samples of 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, which are the most widely distributed in the market, were collected for 5 yr. Their major components, such as moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolic compounds, and saponins, were analyzed to figure out the standard quality characteristics. The moisture content of all CG samples was less than 15%. The total water-soluble sugar contents were 22.9% to 47.8% and 23.2% to 49.5% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The acidic polysaccharide contents were 3.6% to 6.7% and 2.9% to 6.9% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The total phenolic compound content was 0.4% to 0.5% in CG, regardless of the piece-grade. The crude saponin content, which represents the active component of ginseng, was over 2% in all samples. In 30 piece-grade CG samples, the contents of major ginsenosides, Rb1, Rf, and Rg1, were 2.2 to 4.7 mg/g, 0.4 to 1.3 mg/g, and 1.6 to 4.0 mg/g, respectively. The ginsenoside contents in 50 piece-grade CG samples were 2.1 to 3.9 mg/g (Rb1), 0.5 to 1.2 mg/g (Rf), and 1.3 to 3.4 mg/g (Rg1). Overall, since there were relatively high standard deviation and coefficient of variation in all the chemical component contents that were assessed, we found some difficulties in showing the CG standard chemical component characteristics by average, standard deviation, and other statistical analysis factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1501-1509
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• 2003

The simultaneous addition of xylanase (5,600 EXU/kg) and phytase (500 FTU/kg) feed enzymes to wheat-based broiler diets was investigated. Starter, grower and finisher diets, with three tiers of nutrient specifications, were fed to 1,440 broiler chicks kept on deep litter from 1-42 days post-hatch, without and with xylanase plus phytase, to determine the effects of diet type and enzyme supplementation on growth performance. The nutrient specifications of type A diets were standard; energy density and protein/amino acid levels were reduced on a least-cost basis to formulate type B diets and further reduced to type C diets. Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) levels were adjusted in supplemented diets. From 1-42 days post-hatch, diet type significantly influenced growth performance. Birds on type C diets had lower growth rates (2,429 vs. 2,631 g/bird; p<0.001), higher feed intakes (4,753 vs. 4,534 g/bird; p<0.005) and less efficient feed conversion (1.96 vs. 1.72; p<0.001) than birds offered type A diets. Enzyme supplementation increased growth rates by 3.2% (2,580 vs. 2,501 g/bird; p<0.005) and improved feed efficiency by 2.7% (1.80 vs. 1.85; p<0.05) over the entire feeding period. There were no interactions between diet type and enzyme supplementation. At 21 days, 5 out of 30 birds per pen were transferred to cages to ascertain treatment effect on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen (N) retention. Xylanase plus phytase enhanced AME (13.48 to 13.91 MJ/kg DM; p<0.001) and N retention (56.3 to 59.7%; p<0.005). Carcass and breast weights of the caged birds were determined following commercial processing. Diet type significantly influenced breast weight, carcass weight and yield. Birds offered Type A diets, in comparison to Type C diets, supported heavier breast (467 vs. 424 g; p<0.001) and carcass weights (1,868 vs. 1,699 g; p<0.001) with superior carcass yields (71.8 vs. 70.6%; p<0.005). Enzyme addition increased carcass weight by 3.9% (1,752 vs. 1,821 g; p<0.005) and breast weight by 5.8% (431 vs. 456 g; p<0.01) without influencing yields. Feed ingredient costs per kg live weight gain and per kg carcass weight indicated that enzyme addition was economically feasible, where supplementation of Type A diets generated the most effective results. Importantly, soluble and total non-starch polysaccharide and phytate contents of the wheat used were typical by local standards. This study confirms the potential of supplementing wheat-based broiler diets with xylanase plus phytase but further investigations are required to define the most appropriate inclusion rates and dietary nutrient specifications in this context.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.114-118
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• 1999

In order to use a polysaccharide, curdlan, as a concrete admixture, we first developed a pilot-scale fermentation process for the mass production of curdlan. We also examined the rheological properties of curdlan, and tested how well the curdlan obtained in this work increased the segregational resistance of the cement slurry. Fermentation was performed in a 300-liter fermenter equipped with 3 disk-turbine impellers. Since curdlan production is stimulated under nitrogen-limiting conditions, the culture pH was shifted from the optimal pH for cell growth (pH 7.0) to the optimal pH for curdlan production (pH 5.5) at the onset of ammonium exhaustion. We obtained a curdlan production of 65 g/L in 120 hr batch cultivation of Agrobacterium species. The insoluble curdlan at the final stage of fermentation was readily harvested by centrifugation together with the cells. The freeze-dried sample contained 78% (w/w) of curdlan. The solubility and viscosity of the curdlan increased with the increase of the solution pH, which enhances the viscosity of concrete since the pH of concrete is extremely high (pH 13.0). Test results of the curdlan as a concrete admixture with cement slurry demonstrated that it prohibits the leakage of water. In conclusion, this work certifies and enlarges curdlan's industrial potential as a concrete admixture.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 1997.06b
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• pp.13-14
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• 1997

영지의 약리효과는 triterpenoid계의 저분자와 polysaccharide인 고분자로 대별할 수 있다. 저분자 물질은 항염증작용, 항알러지작용, 간암세포 성장 억제작용, 혈압 강하작용, 혈소판 응집저해작용 등이 있으며, 고분자 물질은 혈압강하작용, 정혈작용, 고지혈증 개선작용, 혈당 강하작용, 면역 증강작용 및 항종양작용 등이 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 현재까지의 영지에 관한 연구는 주로 자실체에 대한 연구가 주류를 이루고 있으며 이들의 산지, 환경조건, 채집시기 및 실험자들에 따라 약리 효과 등에 많은 차이가 있다. 이들에 대한 효과가 영지의 대표적 약리효과라고 언급하기엔 부족한 점이 많으므로 약리효과가 우수하고 일관성이 있는 영지 유래 다당류를 얻기 위한 방법으로서는 균사체의 대량배양법 및 분리방법이 확립 되어야만 한다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 항암활성 다당류의 개발을 위해 국내 자생 영지를 채집하여 검색 및 계통적 분류를 행하였으며 분리된 균주의 최적 액체배양 조건, 다당류 분리 조건, 다당류의 물리화학적 특성 및 약리활성 등에 관한 연구를 실시하였다. 그 중 약리활성이 우수한 G- lucidum IY009 균주를 선발 하였다. 구조적 특징과 종양 면역 활성과의 관계 규명을 위해, G- lucidum IY009 배양균사체로부터 다당류를 T-AS, U-AS, M-AS, S 및 H로 분획 하였다. 추출조건에 따른 다당류 GLG의 수율은 열수 추출 분획이 2.98g/l로 가장 높았으며, U-AS및 T-AS에서 각각 2.32g/l, 2.07g/l이었다. GLG의 특성을 조사하기 위하여 수용성과 비수용성으로 분리한 결과 수용성 분획은 비수용성 분획보다 높은 당 함량을 나타냈으며, T-AS는 70.3%의 당과 7.8%의 단백질로 구성 되었다. GLG 대부분의 분획들은 60~93%의 glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었으며, 주로 $\beta$-glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었다. 아미노산은 Asp 및 Glu의 산성 아미노산과 Ala, Leu 등의 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 비알칼리 추출물에서 Ser과 Thr의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS는 평균 분자량이 2,000 kD와 12kD에서 주 peak를 나타냈으며, 수용성 분획의 평균 분자량은 12kD이고 비수용성 분획은 36~2,000 kD의 평균 분자량 분포를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. IR과 NMR 분석 결과 890 cm-1에서 흡수 peak를 나타내어 $\beta$-(1,3)0glucan과 $\beta$-(1,6)-glucan의 구조를 갖는 다당류로 확인 되었다. T-AS 분획은 C:H:O:N의 함량비가 38.9:5.7:49.6:1.84%이며, 이 물질의 융점은 163 $^{\circ}C$로 연한 갈색을 나타낸다. 분리된 GLG의 항암활성 기전 규명을 위해, in vivo 항암실험, 항보체 활성능, 항체 생성능, serum protein 분비능, 대식세포의 탐식능과 활성능 및 세포간 물질 분비 등의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 다당류 GLG 분획물들 가운데 항보체의 활성이 높았던 분획은 sarcome 180에 대한 항암 활성이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS의 보체 활성화 기작은 classical과 alternative complement pathway의 양 경로를 통해 활성화 되었다. T-AS 분획은 mouse내의 특정 혈청단백을 증가시켰으며, 항체 생성능의 증가가 관찰되어 effect T 세포의 활성화가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. T-AS는 생체내 투여시에 대식세포의 탐식능이 증진되었으며, 대식세포 기능 저해제에 의한 대식세포의 기능 저해 현상이 회복되었다. 이와 같은 결과들로부터, T-AS의 항암 활성은 활성화된 보체 성분 및 당 수용체들이 존재하는 대식세포의 개입을 시사한다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.297-304
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• 2010

As Small Intestine Absorptive Epithelium Cells are surrounded by mucus polysaccharide and lymphocytes and mitochondria, they are sensitive to radiation energy. Damaged cells lead to a deficiency of nutrients and the imbalance of electrolyte metabolism, which in turn can becomes a major cause of an intestine tract death. This research observed ultra structures after injecting propolis into the abdominal cavity in order to reveal the radiation damage mechanism and radioprotection effect of intestine absorptive epithelium cells. The result of this research's observation found that stenosis occurred in the small intestine in some tissues 20 days after 5Gy irradiation, their surface turned black, and their elasticity dropped. Through observation with an optical microscope, it was found that the size of the goblet cells decreased, while the paneth granulate cells atrophied and were vacuolated. Observation with an transmission electron microscope(TEM) revealed that while microvill and lysosome were normally observed in jejunum tissues, mitochondria membrane was damaged and uneven surfaces were formed on lymphocytes. The membrane of absorptive epithelium cells hypertrophied in tissues of the ileum, and vacuole was observed. However, the observation after injecting propolis into the abdominal cavity found that mitochondria damage dropped dramatically, and radioprotection effects were to some extent confirmed, considering that glycocalyx of villi was clear, and M cells could be observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.238-242
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• 2014

In this study, the immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides from makgeolli were investigated. Crude polysaccahrides from makgeolli (RWW) were isolated by hot water extraction ($100^{\circ}C$, 30 min), ethanol precipitation (four volumes of 95% ethanol), dialysis (MWCO: 6,000~8,000), and lyophilization. The major constituents in RWW were neutral sugar (87.3%), uronic acid (2.5%), and protein (10.2%). RWW showed potent anti-complementary activity as well as increased cell proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophages. The immunomodulatory effects of RWW were also analyzed based on cytokine production of macrophages. Macrophages stimulated with RWW produced cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicate that RWW may have immunomodulatory effects through activation of the complement system and macrophages, which are a part of natural immunity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.316-325
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• 2003

In this paper, the effect of Ganopoly(extracts of Ganoderma lucidum) and Ganopoly/C+(70% Ganopoly + 30% chitosan) on cisplastin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. A single dose of cisplastin(5 ㎎/㎏) kg) was administered intraperitoneally after pretreatment of saline, Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ for 7 days. The nephrotoxicity and renal function were manifestated by the changes of body weight, blood pressure, biochemical changes and solute in urine and plasma. After the treatment of CDDP(cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum), a significant elevation of kidney weight, serum urea, cretinine, urine volume for 24 hours, urine magnesium, and a severe or significant decrease in body weight, blood pressure, creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, serum albumin, etc. The nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by a significant decrease in glutathione S-transferase(GSH) in urine and kidney homogenate, GSH, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and catalase in kidney tissue. And also the lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in kidney homogenate. These signs of nephrotoxicity was ameliorated by the pretreatment and consecutive administration of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ for 14 days after the Lp. injection of CDDP on 7th day after pretreatment of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+. The amelioration of nephrotoxicity was evidenced by significant reduction in serum urea and creatinine concentration, and improvement of other index of renal function. And The activity of antioxidant enzymes were partially recovered in kidney tissue of rats treated by CDDP and the administration of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+. These results indicate the cispastin induced nephrotoxicity is due to an impairment of tubular reabsorption systems enhanced by necrosis of proximal tubule, and the Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ has a partial protective effect on nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP. The polysacchride of Ganoderma lucidum may improve the therapeutic index of nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP. However, it is needed to elucidate the mechanism for confirming the therapeutic effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2004

The polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus species has been known as a folk remedy, including antitumor and immune-stimulating activities. However, there are lacks of knowledge about mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide (EH) production in its submerged culture. We investigated the optimal conditions on mycelial growth and EPS production in Phellinus baumii. The optimal temperature and initial pH for mycelial growth and EPS production in shake flask culture of P. baumii were proved to be 3$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0, respectively. In case of carbon source, cellobiose and maltose were highly efficient for mycelial growth and fructose and mannitol were also relatively favorable for EPS production. Yeast extract was the most suitable nitrogen source for mycelial growth and EPS production. The composition of optimal culture medium was determined to be fructose 20 g/L, yeast extract 20 g/L, and $CaCl_2$ 0.55 g/L, respectively. Under the optimal culture condition, the maximum mycelial biomass and EPS achieved in a 5-L stirred-tank fermenter were 17.43 g/L and 3.6 g/L, respectively. It was found that the EPS was a glycoprotein onsisted of mainly arginine (14.1%) and glycine (12.0 %) in protein moiety and mainly mannose (48.7%) and arabinose (38.4%) in carbohydrate moiety.