• Clean Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 1997

This Paper Proposes new pollution indices as a quantitative measure of environmental impact. The pollution index for a process is defined by using pollution balance equations. Three pollution indices were defined on the basis of waste characteristics: mass, BOD, and toxicity. Such pollution indices can be effective and valuable tools for minimizing the waste production of a process in terms of environmental impacts, and, when used with cost estimates, for objectively determining the optimal process. In this paper, the application of these indices was demonstrated in a case study involving the production of detergent, as reported in the literature. Pollution indices for the existing process and two improved processes were calculated and compared to evaluate environmental impacts of these processes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.799-811
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate heavy metal contamination and pollution index of agricultural soils around industrial complexes in the Jeon-Buk Regions of Korea. Soil samples near industrial complexes in 2017 were collected at two depths (0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm) within a 500- and 1000-meter radius before planting. Eight heavy metals (Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Cupper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn)) and the pollution index (PI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and soil pollution index (SPI) were evaluated based on soil contamination warning standard (SCWS). Overall, the heavy metal concentrations were below the SCWS. The PI ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 and categorized into Group 1 which is not polluted with any heavy metals. The average Igeo values of all the soil samples ranged from - 2.56 to 3.22. The Igeo values of Cd and Hg may not represent well the pollution index because the heavy metal concentrations in the soil is lower compared to the SCWS. In fact, based on the heavy metal concentrations, the Igeo for monitored soils should be categorized into Group 1, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. However, the Igeo of Cd and Hg are classified into heavily contaminated. These results suggest that for calculating the Igeo, the heavy metal concentration and background concentration should be used very carefully if the heavy metal concentration in the soil is lower than the background concentration. SPI for all the soil samples ranged from 0.00 to 0.11 which indicates no heavy metal pollution was observed.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2007

In this study, relationship between the air pollution of Siheung city and the relative contribution of automobiles to the city's pollution was evaluated for the first time. Then, new air pollution exposure index was developed through simulation. Using the newly developed index, two different urban development scenarios were compared to present a sustainable urban development plan to reduce air pollution from the land utilization point of view. According to the result of this simulation, air quality of the city was found to be affected significantly by human activities. More populated area showed worse level of air quality. Any development in the city resulted in more automobile activity and deterioration of air quality. This simulation result thus explains that a rapid increase of automobiles accompanied by the land development near local roadsides in the city is the major cause of air pollution in Siheung city. In this study, if urban activities are vigorous in an area with high air pollution, people are more likely to be exposed to air pollutant under the bad environmental conditions. On the other hand, if urban activities are less vigorous in an area with high pollution or if urban activities are vigorous in an area with less pollution, the environmental condition was positive. The APEI (Air Pollution Exposure Index) was developed based on these considerations. Scenarios 1 and 2 were compared and analyzed using APEI. In result, scenario 1 is the case in which land is developed and used in an environmentally favorable manner. From this study, it was proved that the impact of air pollution on human health can be minimized with proper land use. The result form the current study can be used as the basic information to solve problems from improper land utilization and air pollution (by road traffic). It also can be utilized to evaluate air pollution level according to land use and road characteristics and to help to choose the best location of land use to comply with the road function and status.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.135-166
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• 2005

This paper measures integrated pollution intensities and changes in pollution intensity, and figure out environmental performance. We introduce a new definition of pollution intensity and its method measuring integrated pollution intensities. We distinguish 24 manufacturing industries into light industry and heavy industry, and divide heavy industry into pollution industry and the other residual heavy industry to measure the integrated pollution intensities and their changes. While the pollution industry within heavy industry, based on the integrated pollution intensity, was the most pollution-intensive, the other residual heavy industry within the heavy industry was the most successive in reducing pollutants. The annualized average index of the integrated pollution intensities grew as much as 9.1 percent, of which the annualized change in the index of pollution emission increased 13.3 percent, but the improvement of 3.9 percent in the change of output quantity offset the increase in the index of pollution emission. The changes in the integrated pollution intensity for the light and heavy industries were 1.125 and 1.042, respectively. The reason the heavy industry showed the lower change in the index of pollution intensity, while the change in the pollution industry was very high, was because the average change in the other heavy industry decreased around 9 percent.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.547-557
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• 2022

The numbers of occurrences and the amount of spills of marine oil pollution have increased, and accordingly, it is necessary to secure additional control capabilities. Therefore, it was intended to present an empirical basis for improving the overall idle capacity through the relocation of control ships existing in each region. First, the marine pollution index was derived and the control capability compared to the marine pollution index of each region was compared to examine the appropriateness of the deployment of control ships. The marine oil pollution risk index was derived by multiplying the nine items that cause marine pollution by the weight derived by experts. We checked the control capacity (A) compared to the marine pollution risk index (F) for each sea area. Mokpo (F:13.4, A:1.9), Busan (F:14.3, A:6.4), and Yeosu (F:21.5, A:16.6) are the areas that lack control capabilities compared to the marine pollution risk index. On the other hand, the areas that have room for control compared to the marine pollution risk index for each sea area are Masan (F: 5.9, A:13.3), Gunsan (F:1.7, A:8.3), and Jeju (F:2.7, A:6.9). Therefore, for improving the standardized control capacity proportional to the risk of marine pollution nationwide, it is suggested that the control ships of Masan, Gunsan, and Jeju should be relocated to Mokpo, Busan, and Yeosu, which lack control capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1990

To investigate the damage on the black pine(Pinus thunbergii) by the air pollution around Ulsan Industrial Complex, forty-six plots were set up and the effects of air pollution were evaluated with the injured index of black pine. The injured index of black pine showing the degree of air pollution from 1987 to 1988 indicated that the central area of Yeochun-dong and Youngjam-dong were heavily damaged. The effective indicaters of black pine damage from air pollution in the order of importance were the color change of one-year-old branch, the ratio of fallen needle of two-year-old branch, the degree of reducing needle, and the degree of growing shoot growth. There was a reliable relationship between the content of $SO_3$ and F in the air and the injured index of black pine. There was no significant correlation between the injured index of the black pine and the content of chemical properties in soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.768-775
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• 2016

Heavy metal pollution in arable field is an critical problem due to crop safety. For this reason, national survey of heavy metal pollution in the arable field near at the industrial area has been conducted from 1999 in Korea. The main purpose of this research was to monitor heavy metal pollution in Chungnam/chungbuk province and to evaluate pollution index (PI) in soil. Total of 15 sampling locations were examined and average concentration of each heavy metals were following: As - $2.99{\pm}2.63$, Cd - $0.23{\pm}0.07$, Cu - $9.35{\pm}6.48$, Ni - $9.26{\pm}8.03$, Pb - $10.18{\pm}3.32$, Zn - $52.9{\pm}17.18$. No sampling site was exceeded threshold level of each heavy metals. Calculated PI in soil was ranged between 0.03 - 0.27 indicating that also no heavy metal pollution is occurred in examined sampling locations. Although, no heavy metal pollution was observed in the examined sites but monitoring of heavy metal pollution should be continued for possible accidental pollution in arable field near at the industrial area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.46-53
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• 1999

In this paper, made was a study on a mesh generation method based on the pollution error. This method is designed for the control of the pollution error in any patch of elements of interest. It is a well-known fact that the pollution error estimates are much more than the local one. When the pollution error is significant, nothing can be said about the reliability of any estimator based on local computations in the patch. Reliable a posteriori error estimation is possible by controlling the pollution error in the patch through proper design of the mesh outside the patch. This design is possible by equally distributing the pollution error indicators over the mesh outside the patch. The mesh generated from the conventional feedback pollution-adaptive mesh generation algorithm needs many iterations. Therefore, the solution time is significant. But the remeshing scheme in the proposed method was used here. It was shown that the pollution-adaptive mesh improves the E.I., simply denoted as Effectivity Index, on the patch of interest, and the pollution error reduces less than the local error.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.495-503
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• 2000

Dust samples were collected from 17 middle and high schools in the Jeonju-city. heavy metal concentrations were determined for the dry-deposited dusts from indoor and outdoor of classroom and playground of each sampling site. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in indoor\`s dusts were highly concentrated. Also heavy metal concentrations in outdoor\`s dusts were similar to that of indoor\`s dusts. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the dusts were much higher than the world average contents in soil and environmental orientation value. These levels are similar to those of the dust samples at middle schools located at Kangseo-gu and Yangchon-gu , Seoul. Playground dusts in 6 schools exhibited the enhanced heavy metal pollution with a pollution index (by Kloke) greater than 1.0. Most indoor and outdoor dusts exhibited the enhanced heavy metal pollution with a pollution index(by Cullbard et al.) greater than 1.0.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2015

The $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ mass concentrations were obtained over five years from monitoring stations across Nanchong, a southwest city in China. Changes in urban air quality over time, as well as the factors influencing that change, were evaluated based on air pollutant concentrations, the Air Pollution Index (API), and the Comprehensive Pollution Index (P). The results showed that the total annual mean $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ concentrations over the five years studied were $61.1{\pm}1.1$, $45.0{\pm}3.9$ and $34.9{\pm}4.9{\mu}g{\cdot}m^{-3}$, respectively. The annual mean concentrations displayed a generally decreasing trend; lower than the annual mean second-level air quality limit. Meanwhile, the annual mean API values were in a small range of 52-53, the air quality levels were grade II, and P values were 1.06-1.21 less than the slight level ($P{\leq}1.31$). Total monthly mean $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ concentrations, and API and P values were consistently higher in winter and spring than during autumn and summer. The results of a correlation analysis showed that temperature and pressure were the major meteorological factors influencing pollution levels. Pollution sources included industrial coal and straw burning, automobiles exhaust and road dust, fireworks, and dust storms.