• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

To build up data for mutation breeding of lily, sensitivity to irradiation of bulb, seed and pollen was investigated. The bulbs of seven cultivars including 'New Wave' were very sensitive to gamma rays. Non-irradiated bulbs produced plants with bloom as normal. However, irradiated bulbs showed retarded growth and did not flower. Bulbs of 'New Wave' and 'Tiny Dino' irradiated with 125Gy gamma rays survived, but their growth rate dropped considerably. Part or whole leaves of the other cultivars except 'New Wave' and 'Tiny Dino' withered. Moisture content of individual scale was 72~78% depending on cultivar. Bulblet formation from untreated scales was 100%. Among all irradiated scales only 'Siberia' scales showed 8.5% bulblet formation when irradiated with 50Gy gamma rays. Pollen germination as affected by gamma ray irradiation had no consistent tendency. When dosage of $F_1$ 'Augusta' seeds reached 300Gy, their survival ratio was drastically decreased. Bulblet formation in vitro was observed only in non-irradiated seeds. Lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of seed was less than 100Gy. Height and width of $F_1$ 'Augusta' bulblets in vitro irradiated with gamma rays decreased as dosage increased regardless of the culture method. The percentage shoot formation was 100% in non-irradiated bulblets and 15~60% in irradiated ones.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the pattern and characteristics of flowering and leaf emergence for twenty two kinds of the genus of Lycoris sp. One species of Lycoris was flowered on July to August, twelve species on August, and nine species on September. Shape of flowers were as follows : Nine species belong to L. radiara-shaped flower, seven species L. squamigera-shaped flower, and seven species the intermediate type. Flower color of three kind were an order of descent red and pink. seven kind white, four kind yellow, three kind orange, and two kind purple colors. Ten Lycoris species were good fertile, and two kinds were poor fertile. The average length of pollen grain was ranged from $48.53\;to\;88.62{\mu}m$, and the width from $22.87\;to\;33.67{\mu}m$. Eleven kinds were spring-leaf emergence type, and ten kind autumn-leaf emergence types. Hunter values in leaves were as follows : $L^*$ value was ranged from 31.6 to 45.2; $a^*$ values from -6.74 to -17.46; $b^*$ values from 6.19 to 21.89 Leaf width was ranged from 0.90 to 2.35cm, and its shape was oblong. The length of epidermal cells was 0.33 to 0.75mm, and the width was $38.53\;to\;90.00{\mu}m$. Most of stomata were distributed in the back side of leaves. The length of stomata was ranged from $67.12\;to\;104.89{\mu}m$, and its width was from $14.90\;to\;71.52{\mu}m$.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.281-296
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• 2022

This study is designed to compensate for the lack of children's clothing relics from the early 18th century and to reproduce young upper-class girls' costume as hanbokcontent. The shapes and materials of costumes are based on the record of 『Sukjong-silrok』 in 1701 and the characteristics of adult ladie's costume relics in this period, but reproduced as miniatures of these relics as like Joseon children's clothing of another period. The reproduced costumes are formal wear for 3~4 year-old girls, consisting of yeoui [女衣], long unlined skirts, and lined skirts. Sizes were set at a height ratio of approximately 155:95. Yeoui is sam-hoejang-jeogori using pine pollen-colored damask with a grape-squirrel pattern and a purple damask with flower-treasure pattern. The full length of yeoui is 24.5cm. It has a square-dangko outer collar with square inner collar. The long unlined skirt is a six-width overskirt that is 82cm long, made with lotus patterned sa. The lined skirt is a five-width skirt that is 61.3cm made with flower-treasure patterned red damask and ju. Several long pleats on both sides of these two skirts have been omitted. The result provides meaningful content for children's clothing in the early 18^th century and will be used as costume for an educational trial performance.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.481-491
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• 2009

This study was conducted to observe some characteristics of aneuploid trees obtained from the crosses between diploid and triploid in the first experiment. The results showed that the difference among the percentage of aneuploid's pollen grain germination was large, and all of them were lower than that of diploid 'Hongro' (82.4%). The average weight and size of each aneuploid's fruit was far lighter and smaller than that of diploid 'Hongro'. According to the width and length, all of the fruits shape was flat or short-globose conical shape except for JF3942. Almost all the aneuploid had higher sugar content than 'Hongro', nearly half of aneuploid fruits were firmer than that of diploid 'Hongro'. As for the acid contents of aneuploid fruits, the results were greatly different from those of previous studies on diploid apples, in present study the citric acid and tartaric acid contents were more than the malic acid which are dominant acid in most cultivars of apples. Both the length and width of aneuploid tree were shorter than that of diploid 'Hongro'. Most aneuploid trees' height was longer than width, but there were 4 exceptions. The size of leaves was smaller than that of diploid 'Hongro' according to the length and width of leaves measured. In all, aneuploid's vegetative growth is not as vigorous as diploid.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.5-6
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• 1958

Scdvm rotundifolium LEE, D. B. sp. nov. Korean name: Doonggunip-qwongui-birum The external characteristics of this species are similar to those of Sedum spectabile BOREAU, but the leaf is rounded, the inflorescence is globose, and the color of the ilower is a deeper purplish-red. Description of this species. Root: Perennial, facisculate, rather thick, with several stems. Stem: Fasciculate,15~25cm. high, a little nutate, reddish, putting forth buds on the lower part in the autumn. Leaf: Fleshy, opposite, discoid or broad ovate, no petiole, red, irregular serrate margin, lcaf"base light cordate or round, width and length both 2. 5~4.5 cm. Flower: Tiny flower making the glomerule on stem apex. Calyx: symscpal, 5 parted, green, lanceolatc_ Corolla: 5 petals, beat-shaped, purplish-red. Stamens: 10, five of them opposile and reat of five alternate with petals, filaments same length as petals, anther red, pollen yellow. Pistils: 5, separate, each ovary triangular rhombus, opposite the petals, stigmas' length about Imm. apexes pointed. Collected on October 22, 1957, and July 26, 1958. Habitat: Growing in the rock of Mt. Choowang, North Kyongsang Province. Korea. Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2016

The present study was performed to compare the morpho-physiological characteristics of the tetraploid and diploid varieties of Platycodon grandiflorum and to obtain basic data for cultivating a tetraploid variety with high yield and content of functional substances. The plant height of the tetraploid variety (54.0 cm) was slightly higher than that of the diploid variety. The leaf length and width of the tetraploid variety were 10.2 cm and 7.3 cm, respectively. The results obtained from the present study revealed that the form of the leaf changed from lanceolate to ovate, and the chlorophyll content in the tetraploid variety (16.7) was slightly higher than that in the diploid variety. The photosynthetic rate significantly increased (24%) to $13.4{\mu}mol\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in the tetraploid variety from that of the diploid variety. The pollen viability of the tetraploid variety was decreased by approximately 33% with respect to that of the diploid variety, but this did not have a significant adverse effect on seed production. The fresh weight of tetraploid P. grandiflorum was 49.4 g, which was approximately 44% higher than that of the diploid variety.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.293-297
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• 2012

A new asiatic lily cultivar 'Point' was derived from a cross between $Lilium$ $concolor$ var. $partheneion$ and 97-5 with orange colored petals made in 2000. The selection and the survey for the flower characteristics were conducted from 2005 to 2008 by using vinyl tunnels and greenhouse at Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA. Based on flower color, 'Point' cultivar belongs to orange red group (O-R N30C). There was lots of spots in petal. The flowers had brown stigma and dark brown pollen. The stem color was dark purple. The flowering date was July 8. The plant height was 88.2 cm and flower numbers were 5.4 ea. The length and width of petal were 6.3 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively. The flower size was smaller than that of 'Prato' cultivar. The number of leaves was 12.2 ea. The length and width of leaves were 9.2 cm and 1.1 cm, respectively. The weight and circumference of bulb were about 24.6 g and 11.6 cm, respectively. 'Point' cultivar had resistance to bulb rot disease. The flowering duration was 16.1 days. The preference was good to 4.1 on 5 grades. 'Point' cultivar was registered as a new variety with No. 3446 in Korea Seed and Variety Service on April 2011.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 1974

The author intended to investigate external and internal changes in the cone structure, changes in water content, sugar, fat and protein during the period of seed maturation which bears a proper germinability. The experimental results can be summarized as in the following. 1. Male flowers 1) Pollen-mother cells occur as a mass from late in April to early in May, and form pollen tetrads through meiosis early and middle of May. Pollen with simple nucleus reach maturity late in May. 2) Stamen number of a male flower is almost same as the scale number of cone and is 69-102 stamens. One stamen includes 5800-7300 pollen. 3) The shape is round and elliptical, both of a pollen has air-sac with $80-91{\mu}$ in length, and has cuticlar exine and cellulose intine. 4) Pollen germinate in 68 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ with distilled water of pH 6.0, 2% sugar and 0.8% agar. 2. Female flowers 1) Ovuliferous scales grow rapidly in late April, and differentiation of ovules begins early in May. Embryo-sac-mother cells produce pollen tetrads through meiosis in the middle of May, and flower in late May. 2) The pollinated female flowers show repeated divisions of embryo-sac nucleus, and a great number of free nuclei form a mass for overwintering. Morphogenesis of isolation in the mass structure takes place from the middle of March, and that forms albuminous bodies of aivealus in early May. 3. Formation of pollinators and embryos. 1) Archegonia produce archegonial initial cells in the middle and late April, and pollinators are produced in the late April and late in early May. 2) After pollination, Oespore nuclei are seen to divide in the late May forming a layer of suspensor from the diaphragm in early June and in the middle of June. Thus this happens to show 4 pro-embryos. The organ of embryos begins to differentiate 1 pro-embryo and reachs perfect maturation in late August. 4. The growth of cones 1) In the year of flowering, strobiles grow during the period from the middle of June to the middle of July, and do not grow after the middle of August. Strobiles grow 1.6 times more in length 3.3 times short in diameter and about 22 times more weight than those of female flower in the year of flowering. 2) The cones at the adult stage grow 7 times longer in diameter, 12-15 times shorter diameter than those of strobiles after flowering. 3) Cone has 96-133 scales with the ratio of scale to be 69-80% and the length of cone is 11-13cm. Diameter is 5-8cm with 160-190g weight, and the seed number of it is 90-150 having empty seed ratio of 8-15%. 5. Formation of seed-coats 1) The layers of outer seed-coat become most for the width of $703{\mu}$ in the middle of July. At the adult stage of seed, it becomes $550-580{\mu}$ in size by decreasing moisture content. Then a horny and the cortical tissue of outer coats become differentiated. 2) The outer seed-coat of mature seeds forms epidermal cells of 3-4 layers and the stone cells of 16-21 layers. The interior part of it becomes parenchyma layer of 1 or 2 rows. 3) Inner seed-coat is formed 2 months earlier than the outer seed-coat in the middle of May, having the most width of inner seed-coat $667{\mu}$. At the adult stage it loses to $80-90{\mu}$. 6. Change in moisture content After pollination moisture content becomes gradually increased at the top in the early June and becomes markedly decreased in the middle of August. At the adult stage it shows 43~48% in cone, 23~25% in the outer seed-coat, 32~37% in the inner seed-coat, 23~26% in the inner seed-coat and endosperm and embryo, 21~24% in the embryo and endosperm, 36~40% in the embryos. 7. The content compositions of seed 1) Fat contents become gradually increased after the early May, at the adult stage it occupies 65~85% more fat than walnut and palm. Embryo includes 78.8% fat, and 57.0% fat in endosperm. 2) Sugar content after pollination becomes greatly increased as in the case of reducing sugar, while non-reducing sugar becomes increased in the early June. 3) Crude protein content becomes gradually increased after the early May, and at the adult stage it becomes 48.8%. Endosperm is made up with more protein than embryo. 8. The test of germination The collected optimum period of Pinus koraiensis seeds at an adequate maturity was collected in the early September, and used for the germination test of reduction-method and embryo culture. Seeds were taken at the interval of 7 days from the middle of July to the middle of September for the germination test at germination apparatus.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.73-85
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• 1991

Rhododendron mucronulatum for. albiflorum, native species is a shrub that has white flowers on May to June, and rare species endangered by people's rash digging or cutting. But its physiological ecological characteristics and propagation method are not being known at all. Therefore, this study was executed to utilize this species as the planting material for landscaping by analysing its habitat environment and growth form, and also experimenting its seed and vegetative propagation, and it field culture and utilization. The results are as follows; 1. The elevation, gradient and direction of this species were 295-1,350m, 10-36$^{\circ}$, northwest respectively. It was found that the species is shade-liking plant that grows under forest cover of average 51.33%. 2. The soil pH and water content of its habitat were 5.4, 25.41% respectively. The organic matter content was 6.29% that was higher than 3.2%, the average organic matter content of forest soil in Korea. 3. Representative plant community within which this species was living was Quercus mongolica community, and its main neighboring species were Lindea obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron Schlippenbachii, Rododendron mucronulatum. 4. The leaf length and width of this species were 39.18mm, 12.60mm respectively. This result showed that generally its leaf size was larger than that of R. micranthum, R. yedoense var. poukhanense and R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum and smaller than that of R. mucronulatum and R. schlippenbachii. 5. The whole size of its pollen was, as 59${\times}$61$\mu\textrm{m}$, the largest of plants of Rhododendron family including R. mucronulatum and R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum. 6. The result of seed germination experiment at intervals of 5$^{\circ}C$ from 15$^{\circ}C$ to 30$^{\circ}C$ presented the highest germination rate of 94.7% at 20$^{\circ}C$ numerically, but high percent germination at all temperature levels without significant difference. And the seed of this plant proved to be sun-liking seed at requiring dormancy in germination. 7. Through seed germination experiment by treatment of growth regulators such as GA. Thiourea and Kinetin under dark condition, it was found that the effect of GA treatment on germination increase and acceleration was the highest. 8. In greenwood cutting, rooted rate by treatment of various concentration of IBA and NAA on clay and vermiculite bed was not wholly high, but 100ppm plots of both IBA and NAA of clay bed showed relatively good rooted rate. 9. As result of field culture experiment for finding out optimum growth temperature and light intensity, growth conditions such as height, number of leaves, fresh weight and chlorophyll contents were the best at night/day temperature of 20/25$^{\circ}C$ and under 1/2sun. Also, the photosynthetic rate was the highest at 25$^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, it was found that optimum temperature and light intensity for growth of this plant are 25$^{\circ}C$ (day temperature), 50% of natural light respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.317-322
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• 1995

As a basic research for breeding new varieties, reciprocal -intergeneric crosses between Citrus junos and P.trifoliata were made. F$_1$ hybrid production using in vitro ovule culture, gametogenesis, and fertilization phenomena were investigated. Frequency of fruit set resulting from crossing of Citrus junos and Poncirus Trifoliata was 16.6% while that of Poncirus Trifoliata and Citrus junos was 11.7%. Callus formation occurred well when ovules at the 6th week after pollination were cultured on MT (Murashige and Tucker) medium supplemented with zeatin 0.5 mg/L and NAA 1.0 or 3.0 mg/L. Immature ovules developed into mature embryos of the MT medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.1 or 3.0 mg/L. Immature ovules developed into mature embryos of the MT medium supplemented with 2,4 D 0.1 or 0.5 mg/L. The invitro germination rates of 20-week-old ovules set C. junos $\times$ P. Trifoliata and P. Trifoliata $\times$ C. junos were 54.5% and 48.6%, respectively. The emergence ratios of trifoliate hybrids obtained by C. junos $\times$ P. Trifoliata and P. Trifoliata $\times$ C. junos were 56.7% and 100%, respectively. The chromosome number of C. junos and P. Trifoliata was n = 9 or 2n = 18, and the sizes of their pollen grain were 33.75 $\mu$ and 25.0 $\mu$. The length and width of embryo sac in C. junos and P. Trifoliata were 69.38~79.23 $\mu$ and 27.50~38.56 $\mu$, and those of egg cells were 17.50~41.50 $\mu$ and 6.25~8.12$\mu$. Fertilization of C. junos and P. trifoliata terminated 72 h after pollination.