• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.107-131
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• 2013

Online-ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) has been receiving attention from the international community as a means of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes in both small and mass international e-commerce. The EU Parliament and the Council proposed the Online Dispute Resolution Regulation for Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ODR Regulation") and the Directive on Alternative Dispute Resolution of Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ADR Directive") as a legislative package, now scheduled to be adopted. Those efforts strengthen consumer protection by enhancing ODR in international e-commerce and improving of the functions of the e-commerce market. The EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package will operate in conjunction with the ODR platform as a single point across Europe, abandoning the ADR system of each member. Consumers and traders who need dispute resolution apply on the EU ODR platform linked website, and the applications are distributed to individual ADR institutions in accordance with the Rules and Procedure of ADR institutions in the respective country. Although there has been partial progress in Korea for ODR programs such as the establishment of the Online Administrative Trial and the procedures of individual ADR agencies operating through the website, existing norms do not fully support the system. At this point, we see many implications of the EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package on the direction chosen for domestic ADR and ODR policy and legislation. This study introduces the main features and content of the EU Consumer ADR Directive (draft) and ODR Regulation provisions, and describes the direction of domestic policy and legislation regarding Online-ADR.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

With the adoption of the Paris Agreement, a new climate regime is intensifying the global interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the meantime, Korea is preparing to introduce a new renewable energy carbon certification system in order to activate the use of renewable energy and to reduce carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of manufacturing and disposal of renewable energy facilities. Therefore, this study aims to identify the implications for the introduction of the carbon certification system and to establish a theoretical basis for the system design by examining the status of overseas carbon certification, international trade norms and trade disputes. As a result, carbon emissions certification is being implemented in developed countries such as EU, UK, France, USA and Japan, but only France, Germany and EU have adopted carbon certification for renewable energy sector. The analysis of the WTO TBT Agreement and GATT also confirmed the possibility of a violation of the international trade rules of the carbon certification system and derived nine international technical standards related to carbon certification. Finally, by examining the case of trade disputes related to environmental labeling, the minimum requirements to be considered at the institutional design stage were drawn to eliminate the possibility of trade disputes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.3-35
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• 2009

A concept of Aircraft crime includes an Air range, unlawful seizure of aircraft and unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation. There are international treaties and conventions which have mainly been enacted by ICAO. The following treaties and conventions are categorical and unconditional norms that any States are clearly condemned. Convention on Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection In this essay, I present the meaning of the aircraft crime mentioned on the treaties above and jurisdiction of the crime. Moreover, I explain how to demand reparation for damages onboard or on the surface when an aircraft crime is occurred. Lastly, I indicate legal bases of how to protect the victims of the aircraft crime by mentioning specific cases relating to the crime.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.49-56
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• 2019

The Long-Term Sustainability (LTS) guidelines have attracted the most attention in the recent formation of international norms of behavior regarding outer space activities. The discussion began at the U.N. COPUOS in 2010. In June 2019, the 21 guidelines were finally adopted. The guidelines include international cooperation to promote and support the observation of the situation of orbiting objects, including space debris, for the purpose of preserving the space environment indefinitely, sharing data and forecasts on space weather, and announcing each country's space policy in accordance with international law. Some guidelines have failed to reach a consensus as the mitigation of space debris is often difficult to separate from space weapons tests. As plans for small satellites and Rendezvous and Proximity Operations have been projected for the future, it is expected that each countries' position on preserving the space environment will become more acute.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.513-528
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze Korean game-related issues and policies to increase the effectiveness of related policies in the future and to increase the consistency of social norms of the policies. this study analyzes related issues by analyzing changes in Korean newspaper articles using spline function and text mining methods, and analyzes the contents of newspaper articles at the time of amplification of issues to present major issues and development directions. As a result of the analysis, game-related issues appeared in various topic, and there are not only support from the government and local governments but also coexisted with game-related regulations (taxation, gambling regulations, game addiction disease, and prevention of fee expansion). Despite regulations, the government presents preemptive responses to problems caused by the application of metabuses and NFTs to games, fostering game-related experts, start-up support, and supporting manpower departure as policy implications.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.169-174
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• 2022

The purpose of the study is to research the legal nature and essence of corrupt behavior, as well as the international and national legal aspects of the fight against corruption. The article discloses the relation between the factual results of the operation of anti-corruption normative and legal acts and the goals and objectives for which they were adopted. The effectiveness of the regulatory effect and quality of anti-corruption legislation is determined by the example of the Russian Federation. The article provides an analysis of theoretical aspects of the theory and history of the formation and development of anti-corruption legislation (on the example of Russia and some other countries, as well as international legal norms) giving several practical examples from foreign legislation demonstrating the structure of the system of government bodies battling against corrupt behavior (including its latent forms). The authors suggest that there is a need for a unified conception of information and propaganda support of state anti-corruption activities. This will make it possible to inform the population that the state is actively working to prevent corruption threats and to bring perpetrators to justice, as well as contribute to citizens' trust in the state policy in this area. At the same time, it is necessary to regularly inform the citizens about the provisions of the anti-corruption legislation, explaining the importance of their observance.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.31-40
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• 2013

Purpose - The Northeast Asian Logistic Hub strategy was established to create a national competitive advantage in northeast Asia. Countries in this region are competing fiercely to become the central base distribution port as the volume of container shipping continues to increase due to the northeast Asian (especially Chinese) economic growth. The primary method by which shippers are improving their customer service and distribution is enhancing profits by minimizing call ports on the key route through strategic affiliations and the use of large vessels. Each nation is planning large-scale investments in the construction of sea ports that can accommodate large vessels. This paper proposes ways by which the logistical strategies of domestic corporations can keep pace with changes in government policy concerning the Northeast Asian Business Hub policy. It examines the logistics system in the Northeast Asian region, analyzes the government's Northeast Asian Business Hub policy, and suggests logistical strategies for domestic corporations through an analysis based on a questionnaire designed to grasp domestic firms' needs and goals. Research design, data and methodology - The purpose of this study is to determine how shipping companies establish partnerships with third-party logistics providers and draws out the implications of the results. The survey methods used were personal interviews and questionnaires distributed to a sample population through e-mail, fax, mail, and telephone. A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed, of which 165 were returned. Among these, ten were excluded due to insufficient content; ultimately, 155 were used for the sample. The statistical data collection process was analyzed through data coating and a statistical package program. Results - This study argues that greater flexibility in policies, administration, and systems will be needed to significantly improve established business practices. In this dissertation, we primarily identify that in order to become a center of northeast Asian logistics, Korea must adopt a new paradigm and abandon the existing systems that are based on the economic and social systems that have stemmed from bureaucracy, inflexibility, chauvinism, and equalitarianism. Flexible policies, administration, and systems will be necessary to improve business practices. Domestic corporations must establish a strategic logistics hub and related network while simultaneously pursuing value-added logistics businesses by increasing their manpower and building a logistics information system. This will strengthen their competitive edge and lead to system improvements. Conclusions - Domestic corporations must adopt a new paradigm and use more reasonable business laws, systems, and policies that are based on market-driven flexibility and transparency. Moreover, social norms and regulations should be established to help ensure political and social security. Korea must also develop a culture of tolerance for foreign companies. Finally, the paradigm defining the policy governing the development of the capital city and its satellite cities in this context must be changed.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.137-163
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• 2010

This study examines how individual, familial, and social factors are associated with persistent very low fertility in Busan Metropolitan City and contemplates family-friendly environments and social strategies for fertility increase. Fertility decline in Busan Metropolitan City recorded the lowest birth rate nationwide recent years among metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea. Birthrates are low partly because of multiple factors such as high age at childbearing and at marriage, decline in marriage, high divorce rate, the phenomena of marriage avoidance among unmarried women, traditional gender role attitude of men, low domestic work participation of husbands among dual career couples, low marital satisfaction and family life satisfaction, abortion, and more broader attiributes such as family policy, availability of childcare, education expenses, and family-friendlyness of a society. In addition, women of dual career couples in Busan strained from domestic work overload under traditional norms of gender role, and marital satisfaction recorded below average nationwide along with espeacially low marital satisfaction of wives compared to that of husbands. Major aspects of implications and considerations for higher birth rate and family friendly policy in Busan are discussed.

• Strategy21
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• s.34
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• pp.128-148
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• 2014

In south Korea, the so-called 'conservative-liberal' rivalry over the assessment of the government's North Korean policies is seen to be impeding the road to right policy choices. For example, the liberals accused former President Lee Myung-bak's hardline policy of provoking Pyongyang and leading to a deterioration of inter-Korean relations, while the conservatives appreciated it for helping nurture mutually beneficial inter-Korean relations in the longer term by compelling North Korea to observe international norms. However, such debate over the vices and virtues of Seoul's North Korea policies is hardly meaningful as the measuring sticks used by the liberals and the conservatives are entirely different matters. The two major goals South Korea must pursue with its North Korean policies should be 'peaceful management of division' and 'change in North Korea'. The former is related to maintaining stability within South Korea and promoting co-prosperity with North Korea. For this, the nation needs to engage, encompass and assist the Pyongyang regime. The second goal is also necessary since South Korea, as a divided nation, must seek a unified Korea under the system of democracy and market economies by bringing change in North Korea. For this, South Korea needs powerful leverages with which it can persuade and coerce the North. This means that the nation is destined to simultaneously chase the above-mentioned two goals, while also both recognizing and negating the legitimacy of the North Korean regime. This situation necessitates Seoul to apply flexibility in reconciling with Pyongyang while applying firm principles to sever the vicious circle involving the North's military provocations. The May 25 Measures, which banned trade and economic cooperation with the North except those related to humanitarian assistance, were taken as sanctions against Pyongyang for sinking the South Korean corvette Chonan in March 2010. The Measures were taken by the Seoul government immediately after a multinational investigation team discovered evidence confirming that the South Korean naval ship had been torpedoed by a midget North Korean submarine. Naturally, the May 24 Measures have since then become a major stumbling block in inter-Korean exchange, prompting opposition politicians and concerned entrepreneurs to demand Seoul to unilaterally lift the Measures. Given the significant damages the Measures have inflicted on inter-Korean economic relations, removing them remains as homework for both Koreas. However, the Measures pertains to the 'principles on national security' the Seoul government must adhere to under all circumstances. This is why North Korea's apology and promises not to repeat similar provocations must come first. For now, South Korea has no alternative but to let North Korea solve the problems it has created. South Korea's role is to help the North do so.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.245-253
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the emotional labor and emotional intelligence of nurses working at a general hospital affect their job stress, and how the integration factor of emotional labor and emotional intelligence affects their job stress. The subjects of research were the nurses working at general hospital in Seoul city from March 11-29, 2013. The collected data was analyzed after computerized statistical processing using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. It was found that the frequency of emotional expressions, one of emotional labor variables, significantly negatively influenced job stress(${\beta}=-.301$, p<.01), and that the attention required for the norms of emotional expressions significantly positively affected job stress(${\beta}=.277$, p<.01). Among emotional intelligence variables, understanding of self-emotion and control of emotion were found to significantly negatively affected job stress. Given the study result, in order to alleviate nurses' job stress, it is necessary to have positive emotional expressions with patients, come up with a plan to show nurses' emotions which they fail to express because of the norms of emotional expressions in hospital, and make their effort to improve understanding of their own emotions and the capability of controlling emotions.