• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2017

Progressing from weather forecasts and warnings to multi-hazard impact-based forecast and warning services represents a paradigm shift in service delivery. Urban flooding is a typical meteorological disaster. This study proposes support plan for urban flooding impact-based forecast by providing inundation risk matrix. To achieve this goal, we first configured storm sewer management model (SWMM) to analyze 1D pipe networks and then grid based inundation analysis model (GIAM) to analyze 2D inundation depth over the Gangnam drainage area with $7.4km^2$. The accuracy of the simulated inundation results for heavy rainfall in 2010 and 2011 are 0.61 and 0.57 in POD index, respectively. 20 inundation scenarios responding on rainfall scenarios with 10~200 mm interval are produced for 60 and 120 minutes of rainfall duration. When the inundation damage thresholds are defined as pre-occurrence stage, occurrence stage to $0.01km^2$, 0.01 to $0.1km^2$, and $0.1km^2$ or more in area with a depth of 0.5 m or more, rainfall thresholds responding on each inundation damage threshold results in: 0 to 20 mm, 20 to 50 mm, 50 to 80 mm, and 80 mm or more in the rainfall duration 60 minutes and 0 to 30 mm, 30 to 70 mm, 70 to 110 mm, and 110 mm or more in the rainfall duration 120 minutes. Rainfall thresholds as a trigger of urban inundation damage can be used to form an inundation risk matrix. It is expected to be used for urban flood impact forecasting.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.437-448
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• 2013

Hemipteran bugs, which were previously considered as secondary pests, have currently become important pests of numerous crops. Among them, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) is a major species that occurs in Korea, Japan, China, and South Asian countries. Riptortus pedestris infests leguminous crops like soybean, vetches, and red clover; fruit trees like persimmon and yuju; and grains like barley, foxtail millet, broomcorn, and sorghum. Riptortus pedestris causes the greatest damage to soybean, as it is the most suitable host for the bug. Feeding damage during pod formation significantly reduces the yield of soybean. Currently, 17 insecticides, including diazinon and etofenprox, are registered for the control of hemipteran bugs in Korea, and growers apply insecticides two to three times on a regular basis. Aggregation pheromone traps are widely used as a monitoring tool and partial control measure. The aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris attracts conspecific adults and nymphs and is used for food exploitation rather than sexual attraction. In addition, the pheromone serves as a kairomone for egg parasitoids such as Gryon japonicum (Ashmead) and Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii. As a new method of pest management, nonviable host eggs were included in the pheromone trap to catch R. pedestris and propagate parasitoids. As a part of cultural practices, resistant soybean varieties with specific color and size of pod and control of flowering time through the alteration of planting date can be used. For the effective management of R. pedestris in the near future, development of cultural practices that can support natural control factors and the use of multiple control tactics are needed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.339-346
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• 2020

Background: Cnidium officinale Makino have been used in traditional medicine in Northeast Asia. Although gamma-ray mutagenesis has been used to develop breeding resources with novel characteristics, research on the radiation sensitivity of C. officinale Makino is limited. Hence, the optimal gamma-ray dosage for mutation breeding in C. officinale Makino was investigated. Methods and Results: Seedstocks were exposed to doses of gamma rays (5 Gy - 50 Gy), and subsequently planted in a greenhouse. After 30 days of sowing, the survival rates and growth decreased rapidly at doses above 20 Gy, while all individuals died at 50 Gy. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was 25.65 Gy, and the median reduction doses (RD₅₀) for plant height, number of stems, and fresh weight were 12.81, 9.32, and 23.26 Gy, respectively. Post-irradiation levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), and chlorophyll in the aerial parts of the plant were quantified using spectrophotometry. Relative to the controls, the levels of MDA and POD increased, while the level of chlorophyll decreased at doses ≥ 10 Gy, indicating cellular damage. Conclusions: A dose of 20 Gy was found to be optimal for mutation breeding in C. officinale Makino.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.181-190
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• 2017

Population congestion and increasing porosity caused by urbanization and increasing rainfall intensity are the main reasons for urban inundation damage. In order to reduce the damage to urban flooding, it is necessary to take a inundation analysis model that can be considered the topographic impact (i.e., building and road) and simulate the detailed inundation areas. In this study, Grid based Inundation Analysis Model (GIAM) is developed using a two-dimensional shallow water equations. The study area is Gangnam basin, with a surface area of $7.4km^2$, which includes 5 drainage areas such as Nonhyun, Yeoksam, Seocho 1, 2, and 3. EPA SWMM5 is used for simulating the overflows at each manhole. GIAM model is constructed to allow for simulating a inundation area with 6 m grid size. The inundation analysis is conducted in two heavy rainfall events (Sep. 21, 2010 and July 27, 2011) for the model evaluation. The accuracy of the simulated inundation area is calculated 0.61 and 0.57 at POD index using the historical flooded area report. The developed model will be used as a tool for analyzing the flood prone areas based on rainfall scenario, and a tool for predicting the detailed inundation area in the real-time.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.3 s.136
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• pp.249-255
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine Seasonal Occurrence, soybean damage and control efficacy of bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg at soybean field in Honam province. Occurrence of R. clavatus varied at seeding times with annual difference. The peak occurrence of R. clavatus was appeared at late of August for late May seeding and middle of September for middle June seeding. There was difference in the peak occurrence of R. clavatus due to different growing stages affected by different weather conditions though soybean was seeded at same time. If the rate of soybean seed damage area by R. clavatus sucking increases, the germinating rate was greatly decreased. If the rate of soybean seed damage area is above 50 percent, in particular, the germinating rate was very low with 2 percent. Control efficacy against R. clavatus was the highest with $91\%$ at 3 times treatment of insecticide at $R_4$ (full pod stage) + $R_5$ (Beginning seed stage) +$R_6$ (full seed stage) of soybean growing stages in field.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2014

Recently, a quick drop of air temperature in plastic film houses by adverse weather conditions leads to the occurrence of low temperature damages to growing crops. Chilling injury, defined as a variety of growth restriction occurring below the optimal temperature, is one of environmental factors strongly affecting crop growth and yield. Low temperature causes the restricted evapotranspiration, reduced mineral uptake (P > K > $NO_3{^-}$), and an increase in electrolyte leakage such as K. Despite being different with plant species, an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch under chilling condition is well known. A variety of environmental stresses are known to cause oxidative damage to plants either directly or indirectly by triggering an increased level of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and, to combat the oxidative damage, plants have the antioxidant defense systems comprising of enzymes, SOD, POD, CAT, GPX and APX, and non-enzymes, ascorbate, gluthathione, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, phenolic compounds, carotenoid and flavonoids. The aim of this review is to provide basic information to build chilling-indicators and optimal nutrition management under adverse temperature conditions as broadly considering mineral uptake, carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidative defense system.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.317-328
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• 2009

Current maintenance operations and integrity checks on a wide array of structures require personnel entry into normally-inaccessible or hazardous areas to perform necessary nondestructive inspections. To gain access for these inspections, structure must be disassembled and removed or personnel must be transported to remote locations. The use of in-situ sensors, coupled with remote interrogation, can be employed to overcome a myriad of inspection impediments stemming from accessibility limitations, complex geometries, the location and depth of hidden damage, and the isolated location of the structure. Furthermore, prevention of unexpected flaw growth and structural failure could be improved if on-board health monitoring systems were used to more regularly assess structural integrity. A research program has been completed to develop and validate Comparative Vacuum Monitoring (CVM) Sensors for surface crack detection. Statistical methods using one-sided tolerance intervals were employed to derive Probability of Detection (POD) levels for a wide array of application scenarios. Multi-year field tests were also conducted to study the deployment and long-term operation of CVM sensors on aircraft. This paper presents the quantitative crack detection capabilities of the CVM sensor, its performance in actual flight environments, and the prospects for structural health monitoring applications on aircraft and other civil structures.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.357-372
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• 2011

We carried out the experiment to select the suitable sprout soybean varieties for environment-friendly cultivation in paddy field of southern part area, compares of excess moisture injury degree and yield ability among 29 sprout soybean varieties. Plant growth of sprout soybean was generally low in beginning and recovered after flowering due to rainfall. In paddy field cultivation, number of pod per individual and number of seed per individual were less in difference than upland cultivation, and maturing date was delayed 5-14 days than upland cultivation in most species. When environment-friendly cultivation, pest injury was not caused major problem for the growth during the vegetative period of soybean due to ground spider as natural enemy to insect pest. However, damage of stink bugs showed severe during grain filling period, and Dawonkong, Anpyeongkong, Dachaekong and Wonhwangkong showed susceptible to sting bug. SMV infection was weak and showed some necrosis symptoms in Sokangkong, but black root rot was not infected at all. Bacterial pustule began to be infected slowly from pod enlargement stage in most species, displayed severe symptoms in Dawonkong, Pungsannamulkong, Seonamkong and Sobaeknamulkong. The symptoms of pod anthracnose, pod blight and purple spot were greatly appeared after flowering. Disease resistance varieties was Paldokong, Kwangankong, Doremikong, Somyeongkong, Pungsannamulkong, Iksa-namulkong, Seonamkong, Sojinkong, Pureunkong, Bosugkong, Namhaekong and Sorokkong. Lodging index showed 3 in Saebyeolkong, and other species displayed slight lodging in 0-3 degree. 100-seed weight is 9.8-17.2g extent and increased 0.1-3.7g than upland cultivation in most species, but decreased in some species. Government purchase standard, species correspond to small-seed-size namulkong (Sizing screen diameter 4.0-5.6 mm) was Dawonkong, Dachaekong, Bosugkong, Seonamkong, Sokangkong, Hannamkong, Somyeongkong and Wonhwangkong. Species which seed yield was higher than Pungsannamulkong (266kg/10a) were Sorokkong, Hannamkong, Bosugkong and Sowonkong. Considering sprout soybean species, disease endurance, insect resistance, lodging resistance, 100-seed weight, yield ability and excess moisture tolerances synthetically, Seonamkong, Hannamkong, Doremikong, Bosugkong, Pungwonkong, Kwangankong, Sowonkong, Dagikong, Paldokong, Eunhakong and Pungsannamulkong were promising for environment-friendly cultivation in paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 2022

Changes in air temperature, CO₂ concentration and precipitation due to climate change are expected to have a significant impact on soybean productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the climate change impact on growth and development of determinate soybean cultivar in the southern parts of Korea. The high temperature during vegetative period, which does not accompany the increase of CO₂ concentration, increased the canopy photosynthetic rate in soybean, but after flowering, the high temperature above the optimal ranges interrupts the photosynthetic metabolism. In yield and yield components, high temperature reduced both the pod and seed number and single seed weight, resulting in a reduction of total seed yield. On the other hand, the increase in CO₂ concentration dramatically increased the canopy photosynthetic rate over the whole growth period. In addition, high CO₂ concentration increased the number of pods and seeds, which had a positive effect on total seed yield. Under concurrent elevation of air temperature and CO₂ concentration, canopy photosynthesis increased significantly, but enhanced canopy photosynthesis did not lead to an increase in soybean seed yield. The increase in biomass and branch by enhanced canopy photosynthesis seems to be attributed to an increase in the total number of pods and seeds per plant, which compensates for the negative effects of high temperature on pod development. However, Single seed weight tended to decrease rapidly by high temperature, regardless of CO₂ concentration level. Elevated CO₂ concentration did not compensate for the poor distribution of assimilations from source to sink caused by high temperature. These results show that the damage of future soybean yield and quality is closely related to high temperature stress during seed filling period.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.737-744
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• 2001

This study was carried to investigate the changes in physical and chemical properties during preparation of Yukwa. Protein content of glutinous rice was decreased during soaking time and acid and pH values were increased while contents of lipid and ash were not changed. Particle size distribution showed thate average particle size of 7 days soaking treatment smaller than those of 3 days and starch damage of glutinous rice flour was increased during soaking time. The major flavor components after soaking were found ethyl ester acetic acid, ethanol, 2-butan -ol, 2-methyl 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl 1-butanol and 1-pentanol, propanoic acid. Content of acetic acid and butanoic acid were rapidly increased during soaking time. Results for ratio of storage modulus(G') and loss modulus(G') in glutinous rice flour dough indicated $tan{\delta}$ was increased for a while and decreased as frequency increased. G' value was very similar with G' value after steaming which means rubber-like property while G' and G' value were changed after during storage time. Treatment at $-20^{\circ}C$ had the highest hardness for cutting degree of dough. There was no difference in color value between different water contents. Hardness of Bandegi (sheet) was decreased as water content increased and the highest popping value was obtained at 18% of water contents. Adding 3% soaked bean had higher redness value of Yukwa and lower value in yellowness.