• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.847-854
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• 2021

Platycodon grandiflorum (balloon flower) root (Platycodi radix, PR) is used as a health supplement owing to its beneficial bioactive properties. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and whitening effects of deglycosylated platycosides (saponins) from PR biotransformed by pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus were investigated. The bioactivities of the platycosides improved when the number of sugar moieties attached to the aglycone platycosides was decreased. The deglycosylated saponins exhibited higher lipoxygenase inhibitory activities (anti-inflammatory activities) than the precursor platycosides and the anti-inflammatory compound baicalein. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the pectinasetreated PR extract was higher than that of the non-treated PR extract. The trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay showed improved values as the saponins were hydrolyzed. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities (whitening effects) of deglycosylated platycosides were higher than those of the precursor platycosides. Furthermore, 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides showed higher anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and whitening activities than their precursor glycosylated platycosides. Therefore, 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides may improve the beneficial effects of nutritional supplements and cosmetic products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.946-954
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• 2020

Platycodon grandiflorum root (Platycodi radix) saponins, platycosides, have been used as health supplements and food items for the treatment of respiratory disorders and pulmonary diseases. Deglycosylated saponins have been known to exert stronger biological effects than their glycosylated forms. In the present study, glycosylated platycosides in Platycodi radix extract were biotransformed into deglycosylated 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides, including 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin, 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl polygalacic acid, and 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platyconic acid, by pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus. This is the first report on the quantitative enzymatic production of 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides. The chemical structures of 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides were identified with LC/MS. Moreover, the biotransformation pathways of the three types of platycosides in Platycodi radix into 3-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl platycosides were established.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.430-436
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• 2022

Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D₃ (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60℃. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60℃) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

Platycosides are the saponins in Platycodi Radix and they have several beneficial effects such as antiinflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was designed to determine the changes in the saponin composition in Platycodi Radix (platycosides) after being processed under steam and pressure and to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of their extracts. The change of the platycoside compositions was investigated after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9h heat processing of Platycodi Radices by using HPLC coupled with an evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) system. After heat treatment ($125^{\circ}C$, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 h), the contents of several platycosides such as platycoside E, platycodin $D_3$, platycodin D, polygalacin D, and platycodin A decreased as the processing time was longer. While the total contents of the saponins decreased, the contents of deapi-forms of deapiplatycoside E, deapi-platycodin $D_3$, and deapi-platycodin D increased relatively. These results indicate that the linkage between apiose and xylose located at C-28 is labile to heat and pressure. The LPS-induced iNOS inhibitory activities of the samples treated for 1 and 2 hours were enhanced and after then, the activities were reduced. These results suggested that heat treatment of the samples affect the content of the total saponins and the saponin content may be the important criteria representing the anti-inflammatory activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2014

The extracts and pure saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) are reported to have a wide range of health benefits. Platycosides (saponins) from the roots of PG are characterized by a structure containing a triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar chains. Saponins are of commercial significance, and their applications are increasing with increasing evidence of their health benefits. The biological effects of saponins include cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, neuroprotective activity, antiviral activity, and cholesterol lowering effects. Saponins with commercial value range from crude plant extracts, which can be used for their foaming properties, to high purity saponins such as platycodin D, which can be used for its health applications (e.g., as a vaccine adjuvant). This review reveals that platycosides have many health benefits and have the potential to be used as a remedy against many of the major health hazards (e.g., cancer, obesity, alzheimer's) faced by populations around the world. Methods of platycoside purification and analysis are also covered in this review.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.1017-1025
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• 2016

기관지질환에 우수한 기능성을 가지고 있는 도라지는 수십종의 다양한 사포닌 종류를 함유하고 있다. 이러한 도라지를 젖산발효 시킬 경우 사포닌 조성의 변화와 기관지질환 유발 세균에 대한 항균 활성의 변화를 측정하였다. 도라지 발효를 위하여 사용된 젖산균은 Leuconostoc mesenteroides N12-4, Leuconostoc mesenteroides N58-5, Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10, Lactobacillus plantarum N56-12, Lactobacillus brevis N70-9 및 Lactobacillus brevis E3-8 등 6종이었다. 도라지 발효 시 젖산균 생육은 L. plantarum균이 가장 활발하였으며 pH 값도 가장 많이 내려가 발효 24시간째 pH는 3.73을 보였고 colony 수는 $10^7CFU/g$ 이상으로 증가하였다. 젖산발효 시간 동안 도라지 사포닌 9종에 대한 조성 변화는 사용된 도라지 시료에서 함량이 높았던 platycoside E, diapioplatycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin D 등이 발효기간 중 일정량 감소하다가 발효 72시간 이후부터는 증가하는 경향이었고 platycodin D는 약간 증가하다가 72시간 이후부터는 오히려 감소하는 경향이었으며, 총사포닌 함량은 발효기간 동안 함량의 변화가 없었던 L. brevis E3-8균을 제외하고는 발효 72시간 이후 96시간째 증가하였다. 기관지질환 유발세균에 대한 항균 활성의 변화를 보기 위하여 사용된 세균은 Corynebacterium diphtheriae KCTC 3075, Klebsiella pneumoniae KCTC 2246, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1621 및 Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615균 등 4종으로 각 균에 대한 항균 활성이 발효에 의하여 증대되는 젖산균은 L. plantarum균으로, 특히 L. plantarum N56-12균이 강한 항균 활성을 보여주었다. 이에 따라 각 기관지질환 유발세균에 대한 MIC를 조사한 결과 각 균에 대하여 도라지 무발효물은 200, 180, 210 및 90 mg/mL였고, L. plantarum N56-12균으로 발효된 도라지 상등액은 45, 10, 50 그리고 25 mg/mL였다.