• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.769-772
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• 2014

This study was conducted to provide basic information on the effects of drying temperatures (45, 65, and $85^{\circ}C$) on saponins and free sugar contents of a 5-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum Radix. Platycodin D levels decreased with increase in drying temperature (956, 334, and 197 mg% at 45, 65, and $85^{\circ}C$, respectively). Polygalacin D levels were the highest at $45^{\circ}C$ (577 mg%), while platycodin $D_3$ and deapioplatycodin D were high at $65^{\circ}C$ (304 and 272 mg%, respectively). Sucrose levels were 3,825 mg% at $85^{\circ}C$ and 1,226 mg% at $45^{\circ}C$, and decreased when the drying temperature was decreased. The sucrose content showed significant negative correlation with saponin levels in dried P. grandiflorum ($-0.987^{**}$, p<0.01). These results suggested that drying P. grandiflorum at low temperatures is more economically viable.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.2 s.149
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• pp.192-196
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• 2007

A rapid and practical HPLC assay was developed for quantitative analysis of saponins in Platycodi Radix. Seven saponin components in Platycodi Radix, i.e., deapioplatycoside E, platycoside E, deapioplatycodin D$_3$, platycodin D$_3$, polygalacin D$_2$, platycodin D$_2$ and platycodin D were successfully resolved on C18 column and detected by ELSD. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 1 ${\sim}$2,000 ${\mu}$g/ml (r$^2$>0.992). Intra- and inter-day coefficients for variation of seven saponin components were < 10% and limit of quantification of them were around 0.7${\sim}$1.5 ${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. Using this method, contents of seven saponins in various plant materials under different cultivating conditions were estimated.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

The capability of the solvents for extracting the bioactive saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae) was investigated to obtain an ideal extract which contained bioactive saponins with high quality and high quantity. The content of eight representative saponins in extracts, such as deapioplatycoside E, platycoside E, platyconic acid A and platycodin D, platycodin $D_3$, platycodin $D_2$, polygalacin $D_2$, polygalacin D were analyzed simultaneousely by the modified HPLC analytical method. The validation test of the modified qualitative and quantitative analytical method employing the ELSD equipped HPLC for eight representative saponins in the roots extract of P. grandiflorum showed a good linearity, precision and accuracy. the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) values of the calbration curves for each saponins were observed to be over 0.9990. LOD and LOQ of each saponin was calculated as $0.10{\mu}g{\sim}0.40{\mu}g$ (LOD) and $0.40{\mu}g{\sim}0.80{\mu}g$ (LOQ), respectively. Recovery rates of each saponin were also calculated as over 98%, respectively. With exception of two saponins, platyconic acid A and platycodin D, The content of eight saponins in extracts was decreased proportionally to the increment of the water ratio of solvent for extraction. Consequently, as aquous alcohol was used as a solvent for extracting the saponin components from powdered roots of P. grandiflorum, the water content in the aquous alcohol was seemed to be a critical factor for extracting efficacy. The 60-80% ratio of alcohol in the aquous alcohol were deduced to be suitable and recommendable for the preparation of roots extract of P. grandiflorum which contained saponins with high quality and high quantity.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.241-242
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• 2007

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1745-1749
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• 2014

Background: Platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Platycodonis radix, possesses anti-cancer effects in several cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate its anticancer activities in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Materials and Methods: MTT and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation, along with flow cytometry and Western blotting for apoptosis. Cell adhesion was tested by observing cellular morphology under a microscope, while the transwell assay was employed to investigate the cell migration and invasion. Results: PD concentration-dependently inhibited cell proliferation in both HepG2 and Hep3B cells, and significantly suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The protein levels of cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and Bax were up-regulated while that of survivin was down-regulated after treatment with PD. Moreover, PD not only obviously suppressed the adhesion of HepG2 cells to Matrigel, but also remarkably depressed their migration and invasion induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Conclusions: PD presents anti-cancer potential in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting cell adhesion, migration and invasion, indicating promising features as a lead compound for anti-cancer agent development.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 2005

In the process of investigating anti-obesity effect of Platycodi Radix, we found that aqueous extract of Platycodi Radix might inhibit intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase (PL) activity. In order to clarify the anti-obesity mechanism of Platycodi Radix, activity-guided isolation was performed to find active components. The total saponin fraction of Platycodi Radix appeared to have a potent inhibitory activity against the hydrolysis of triolein emulsified with phosphatidycholine by pancreatic lipase in vitro. Based on these results, further purification of active components yielded 10 known triterpenoidal saponins, among these compounds, platycodin A, C, D, and deapioplatycodin D exhibited significant inhibitory effects on PL at the concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ with 3.3, 5.2, 34.8, and $11.67\%$ pancreatic lipase activity vs control, respectively. Platycodin D was found to inhibit the PL activity in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the anti-obesity effect of Platycodi Radix might be due to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by its saponins.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.225.1-225.1
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• 2001

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1017-1025
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• 2016

This study was performed in order to investigate changes in platycosides, as well as antimicrobial activities of bronchus diseases-inducing bacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) of Platycodon grandiflorum root (PGR) fermented by lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides N12-4, Leuc. mesenteroides N58-5, Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10, L. plantarum N56-12, Lactobacillus brevis N70-9, and L. brevis E3-8). Growth of L. plantarum on PGR was most active during lactic acid fermentation using different strains. Total platycoside, platycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin $D_2$, polygalacin D, and diapioplatyco-side E contents of PGR fermented for 96 h at $37^{\circ}C$ by Leuc. mesenteroides and L. plantarum increased, whereas contents of platycodin D and platycodin $D_3$ were reduced. The antimicrobial activity on PGR fermented by L. plantarum N56-12 exhibited strong microbial proliferation for all four kinds of bronchus disease-inducing bacteria and was higher than that of non-fermented PGR extract. MIC of fermented PGR extract by L. plantarum N56-12 on C. diphtheriae, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and S. pyogenes were 45, 10, 50, and 25 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, this result shows that the antimicrobial activities of bronchus disease-inducing bacteria and platycoside content of PGR by L. plantarum N56-12 were higher than that of non-fermented PGR extract.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.511-524
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• 2016

This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of organic fertilizer on growth characteristics, saponin contents and antioxident activity of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots for organic farming. As basal fertilizers, chemical fertilizer, mixed organic fertilizer, bacterial cultures and fermented oil cake and decomposed manure were treated based on 3 kg/10a level before transplanting Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. In root length, when chemical fertilizer plot and mixed organic fertilizer plot were treated, root length was recorded the highest scores (25.3 and 24.0 cm) Root width was recorded the highest score (26.6 cm) in chemical fertilizer plot. The number of fine-roots was the highest in mixed organic fertilizer plot and chemical fertilizer plot (20.0 and 17.0), respectively. Fresh weight, which affects directly yield, was the highest in organic fertilizer plot (55.7 g/plant). The content of Platycodin D was shown to 327.4~373.8 mg/100 g, the highest values were observed in organic fertilizer plot. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were recorded the highest scores (15.5 and 15.3 mg/g, respectively) in organic fertilizer plot. In this study we confirmed that application of organic fertilizer was effective to increase yield and pharmacological effect through increase of the number of fine-roots with high saponin contents.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.403-417
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• 2017

This study was done to elucidate effects on organic and chemical fertilizers for growth characteristics, saponin content and antioxidant activity in Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix root. Chemical and mixed organic fertilizers were treated at levels of 50%, 100% and 200% based on nitrogen 3 kg/10a before transplant of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. As a result, when 50% mixed organic and chemical fertilizer plots were treated to P. grandiflorum Ridix root, the root length showed the highest scores of 26.9 and 26.5 cm, respectively. Root width exhibited the highest scores of 25.6 mm and 25.2 mm in 50% mixed organic and chemical fertilizer plots, respectively. The number of fine-roots and fresh weight presented the highest values in 50% mixed organic fertilizer plot as 26.7 and 50.4 g, respectively. The content of platycodin D3 was ranged in 183.4~321.7 mg/100 g, which the highest value was observed in 100% mixed organic fertilizer plot. The content of saponin except for deapioplatycodin D presented higher amount in the mixed organic fertilizer plots. Treatment of 200% chemical fertilizer presented to be withered in transplant cultivation of 3 year-old roots.