• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in PLP concentrations induced by regular, moderate, and abrupt, high-intensity exercise in the plasma and tissues of vitamin B6 deficient and normal rats. Forty-eight rats were fed either a vitamin B6 deficient (-B6) diet or a normal (+B6) diet for 5 weeks and were subdivided into 4 groups:non-exercise(NE) group: regular, moderate-intensity exercise (RME) group; abrupt, high-intensity exercise (AIE) group; abrupt, high-intensity exercise and recuperation(IRE) group. The RME group was exercised on treadmill ($10^{\circ}$, 0.5-0.8km/h) for 2 hours just before sacrifice at the end of 5th week on the diet and the IER group was recuperated for three days on the diet after being exercised like the AIE group. Pyridoxal 5 -phosphate(PLP) levels were compared in the plasma, liver and skeletal muscle of the rats. Plasma PLP concentration tended to decrease in -B6 rats and tended to increase in +B6 rats with AIE. Plasma PLP concentration in both +B6 rats with AIE and no change in both -B6 and +B6 rats with RME. Muscle PLP concentration decreased in +B6 rats, showed no change in -B6 rats with AIE. Muscle PLP concentrations in both +B6 and -B6 rats did not change with RME. Plasma PLP, liver PLP and muscle PLP concentration of IER returned to those of NE in both +B6 and -B6 rats. These results suggest that changes in PLP concentration in plasma, liver and muscle occur with exercise and are affected by exercise intensity and vitamin B6 status. These changes may be due to interorgan redistribution of PLP.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2002

The vitamin $B_{6}$ status of 49 healthy college student (women, aged 20-26 y) was estimated for evaluation of vitamin $B_{6}$ status and the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin $B_{6}$. The average daily vitamin $B_{6}$ intake of the subjects was 0.86 $\pm$ 0.289 mg/d or 61.43 $\pm$ 24.10% of Korean RDA. The average ratio of vitamin $B_{6}$ intake to daily protein intake was 0.014 $\pm$ 0.003 mg/g protein. Foods from animal and plaint sources provided 34.25 $\pm$ 18.62% and 65.78 $\pm$ 18.72%, respectively, of total vitamin $B_{6}$. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration was significantly (p<.01 - p<.001) positively correlated to intakes of all other nutrients except vitamin C. However, no significant correlation was found between plasma PLP and nutrient intake. Vitamin $B_{6}$ intake only tended to have a positive correlation with plasma PLP concentration. Plasma total cholesterol was correlated to plasma PLP concentration (p<.05). Plasma PLP had no correlation with levels of glucose, triglyceride, and albumin. These results confirm that the present Korea RDA for vitamin $B_{6}$ of 1.4mg/d based on 0.02 mg/g protein is adequate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.426-434
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• 1995

The purpose of this study were to investigate the effect of fasting and vitamin B6 repletion on tissue concentration of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and urinary excreteion of 4-pyridoxic acid in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Sixty six rats(6 per group) were fed either a vitamin B6 deficient diet (-B6) or a control diet (+B6) for 6 weeks and then rats were repleted with +B6 diet for 2 weeks. Rats were fasted for 1 and 3 days and for 3 days after repletion. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) concentration in plasma, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) excretion were compared. Fasting resulted in a significant increase in PLP concentration in the plasma, liver and heart muscle of rats fed the -B6 diet. Skeletal muscle PLP concentration was significantly decreased in +B6 rats but not in -B6 rats. Following vitamin B6 repletion, PLP concentration in the plasma, liver and heart muscle in previously -B6 rats was similar to the respective concentration in +B6 rats while PLP concentration in the skeletal muscle of previously -B6 rats increased, but it was not reached to that of +B6 rats. At day 1 and 2 of the fast, urinary 4-PT excretion increased in both +B6 and -B6 rats although there was no supply of vitamin B6 due to fasting. These results suggest that vitami B6 is redistributed as PLP when there is a caloric deficit and PLP is supplied by an endogenous source, possibly PLP bound to skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 1995

Concentrations of total vitamin B-6 in human milk as well as individual, B-6 vitamers have important implications for the nutritional management of breast-fed(BF) infants. Vitamin B-6 status was assessed in 3 groups of infants : two groups preterm (PT) BF infants whose mothers were supplemented with 2 or 27mg pyridoxine(PN)-HCI ; a sub group of formula-fed (FF) PT infants. Mothers and infants were assessed weekly during the 28-day post feeding. Throughout the neonatal period, levels of total vitamin B-6 and percentages of pyridoxal(PL) in breast milk were lower in PT than T mothers, even in mothers supplemented with 27mg PN-HCI. Total vitamin B-6 levels in PT milk paralleled maternal supplementation but percentage distributions of B-6 vitamers did not change. Vitamin B-6 intakes of BF preterm infants paralleled their mothers' level of infants in the 2mg group was suggested by vitamin status parameters. Vitamin B-6 inadequacy of infants correlated with their plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate(PLP) levels and erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase(E-ALAT) activity; all parameters such as plasma PLP, PL/PLP ratio and stimulation % of E-ALAT were highest for FF PT infants. The positive correlation of vitamin B-6 levels in breast milk gestational age may contraindicate its adequacy for some PT infants.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin $B_6$ intake and status in Korean patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Sixty-four patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 8-11% glycated hemoglobin (A1C), along with 28 age-matched non-diabetic subjects, participated. Dietary vitamin $B_6$ intake was estimated by the 24 hour recall method and plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) was measured. There was a significant difference in daily total calorie intake between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups ($1,917{\pm}376$ vs $2,093{\pm}311\;kcal$). There were no differences in intake of total vitamin $B_6$ ($2.51{\pm}0.91$ vs $2.53{\pm}0.81\;mg/d$) or vitamin $B_6$/1,000 kcal ($1.31{\pm}0.42$ vs $1.20{\pm}0.32\;mg$) between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, and I intakes of total vitamin $B_6$ were above the Korean RDA in both groups ($180.0{\pm}57.9$ vs $179.0{\pm}65.4$). There was a higher percentage of diabetic subjects whose plasma PLP concentration was < 30 nmol/L compared to non-diabetic group. Plasma PLP levels tended to be lower in the diabetic subjects than in the non-diabetic subjects, although the difference was not statistically significant due to a large standard deviation ($80.0{\pm}61.2\;nmol/L$ vs $68.2{\pm}38.5\;nmol/L$). Nevertheless, plasma PLP levels should be monitored in pre-diabetic patients with diabetic risk factors as well as in newly diagnosed diabetic patients for long-term management of diabetes, even though this factor is not a major risk factor that contributes to the development of degenerative complications in certain patients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.688-694
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recent research regarding vitamin $B_6$ status including biochemical index is limited. Thus, this study estimated intakes and major food sources of vitamin $B_6$; determined plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP); and assessed vitamin $B_6$ status of Korean adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: Three consecutive 24-h diet recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20- to 64-year-old adults (n = 254) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, cities of Kwangju and Gumi, Korea. Vitamin $B_6$ intake and plasma PLP were analyzed by gender and by vitamin $B_6$ supplementation. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine associations of vitamin $B_6$ intake and plasma PLP. RESULTS: The mean dietary and total (dietary plus supplemental) vitamin $B_6$ intake was $1.94{\pm}0.64$ and $2.41{\pm}1.45mg/day$, respectively. Median (50th percentile) dietary intake of men and women was 2.062 and 1.706 mg/day. Foods from plant sources provided 70.61% of dietary vitamin $B_6$ intake. Only 6.3% of subjects consumed total vitamin $B_6$ less than Estimated Average Requirements. Plasma PLP concentration of all subjects was $40.03{\pm}23.71nmol/L$. The concentration of users of vitamin $B_6$ supplements was significantly higher than that of nonusers (P < 0.001). Approximately 16% of Korean adults had PLP levels < 20 nmol/L, indicating a biochemical deficiency of vitamin $B_6$, while 19.7% had marginal vitamin $B_6$ status. Plasma PLP concentration showed positive correlation with total vitamin $B_6$ intake (r = 0.40984, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, vitamin $B_6$ intake of Korean adults was generally adequate. However, one-third of subjects had vitamin $B_6$ deficiency or marginal status. Therefore, in some adults in Korea, consumption of vitamin $B_6$-rich food sources should be encouraged.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of vitamin B6 in 16 pregnant-infant pairs and 15 nonpregnant women and to investigate the relationships between vitamin B6 status of maternal-umbilical cord plasma and pregnancy outcomes. dietary intake was obtained from semiquantitative frequency questionnaire. The daily mean energy and protein intakes were higher than the recommended dietary allowance, while daily vitamin B6 was only 74% of RDA in pregnant and 73% of RDA in nonpregnant women. The main sources of vitamin B6 were vegetables and fruits in pregnant women, while cereal and starch in nonpregnant women. The plasma PLP and PL levels of pregnant women were 14.85nmol/l and 20.56nmol/l, significantly lower than those of nonpregnant women. the PLP/PL ratios of pregnant and nonpregnant women were 1.65 and 0.33, indicating that the levels of vitamin B6 was altered during pregnancy. The PLP and PL levels of umbilical cord plasma were 63.55nmol/l and 32.25nmol/l, respectively. The vitamin B6 levels of umbilical cord plasma were significantly higher than that of maternal plasm. This finding indicates that the uptake of vitamin B6 in the fetus may be due to an active placental transport mechanism. The PLP level of maternal plasma correlated positively with that of umbilical cord plasma, showing the PLP concentration of umbilical cord plasma is affected by maternal vitamin B6 status. The maternal plasma PL level showed a positive correlation to infant birth weight. The positive association has bee also found between plasma PL level of umbilical cord and Apgar 1 min score.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 2000

This paper is to report our findings that vitamin B6 and folate nutritional state in the rural elderly population with alcohol dependency is poor. The present study was carried out to assess vitamin B6 and folate status in the 17 rural elderly subjects with alcohol dependency and 15 age-and sex-matched controls. Plasma and red cell folate concentrations were analyzed microbiologically, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate dependent erythrocyte alanine aspartate transminase(EAST) activity coefficients were determined using enzyme-coenzyme saturation kinetics. There was no difference in the amount of vitamin consumed between the two groups, and their intakes were 64% and 74.7%, respectively of the Korean dietary recommended allowances for vitamin B6 and folate. The mean percent activation for EAST of the total subjects was greater than 80%, suggesting an inadequate vitamin B6 status between the two groups. Folate concentrations in the red cell, but not in the plasma were significantly lower in the alcohol dependent(141.9ng/ml) subjects than that of the control(233.2ng/ml). Cigarette smokers had lower vitamin B6 and folate levels. Plasma and red cell folate levels were highest among the non-smoking, non-alcohol dependent subjects(11.7 and 257.3ng/ml, respectively) and lowest in the smoker-alcohol dependent group(6.7 and 132.9ng/ml). Finding ways to improve vitamin nutritional state such as vitamin supplementation might be necessary for the rural elderly people, especially for those with alcohol dependency.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of allium vegetable intake on the storage and utilization of energy substrates before, during, and after exercise in tissues of rats. Ninety mts were fed either a control diet or a diet with added allium sativum (AS), allium cepa (AC), allium fistulosum (AF), or allium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE) during-exercise (DE) after-exercise (AE). The DE group exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed at the end of the 4th week of the dietary treatment Rats in the AE group were allowed to recuperate for 2 horns after being exercised like the DE group. Pyriooxal 5'-phospwe (PLP) levels were compared in plasma, liver and skeletal muscle of rats. There was no difference between AS animals and control animals in plasma PLP levels regardless of exercise. The plasma PLP levels of AC animals were higher than those of control animals before exercise but this PLP was decreased with exercise and lower than that of control animals after exercise. The plasma PLP levels of AF animals were higher than those of control animals during exercise but there was no difference before and after exercise. The plasma PLP levels of AT animals were higher than those of control animals regardless of exercise. Compared to those of control mts, the PLP levels of liver and muscle were significantly lower in AS, AC, AF and AT mts before exercise. The levels of liver PLP were significantly decreased in control mts while not changed in AS, AC, AF and AT mts during exercise. The levels of liver PLP tended to decrease in AS, AC and AF mts after exercise. The levels of muscle PLP were significantly decreased in control rats, while not changed in AS, AC and AF mts during exercise. The levels of muscle PLP were decreased in control mts but not changed in AS, AC and AF mts after exercise. Thus, it is suggested that the changes of PLP concentrations in plasma and tissues induced by exercise are affected by allium vegetable diet and demonstrated that allium vegetable intake induced an alteration in the redistribution of PLP among tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to establish the selection of indicators for estimating and factors affecting the requirement of vitamin B6. There has been a need to establish the human requirements of vitamin $B_6$ since vitamin $B_6$ is thought to be involved in more than one hundred biochemical reactions as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids, glucose, and lipid, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For the review of the literature, this study included from early findings of the sixties to studies of 2009. This study suggests that plasma pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP) is the best single indicator of vitamin $B_6$ status for the healthy but not for the non-healthy. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activation by PLP as an indirect measure and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid excretion as a direct measure are useful as supporting indicators. Bioavailability, nutrient interaction, physiological need, and chronic diseases may increase the requirement for vitamin $B_6$. However, these effects can not be quantified due to insufficient evidences.