• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.499-505
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• 2018

Huanglongbing (HLB, Citrus greening disease) is one of the most devastating diseases that threaten citrus production worldwide. Although HLB presents systemically, low titer and uneven distribution of these bacteria within infected plants can make reliable detection difficult. It was known loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method has the advantages of being highly specific, rapid, efficient, and laborsaving for detection of plant pathogens. We developed a new LAMP method targeting gene contained tandem repeat for more rapid and sensitive detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), putative causal agent of the citrus huanglongbing. This new LAMP method was 10 folds more sensitive than conventional PCR in detecting the HLB pathogen and similar to that of real-time PCR in visual detection assay by adding SYBR Green I to mixture and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Positive reactions were achieved in reaction temperature 57, 60 and $62^{\circ}C$ but not $65^{\circ}C$. Although this LAMP method was not more sensitive than real-time PCR, it does not require a thermocycler for amplification or agarose gel electrophoresis for resolution. Thus, we expect that this LAMP method shows strong promise as a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective method of detecting the CLas in citrus and can be applied for rapid diagnosis is needed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.584-593
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare fenugreek (FG) with alfalfa (Alf) in ruminal fermentation and methane (CH4) production in vitro. Methods: Whole-plant FG harvested at 11- and 15-wk and Alf harvested at early and mid-bloom maturities, alone or as 50:50 mixture of FG and Alf at the respective maturity, were assessed in a series of 48-h in vitro batch culture incubations. Total fermentation gas and methane gas production, dry matter (DM) disappearance, volatile fatty acids, microbial protein and 16S RNA gene copy numbers of total bacteria and methanogens were determined. Results: Compared to early bloom Alf, FG harvested at 11-wk exhibited higher (p<0.05) in vitro DM and neutral detergent fibre disappearance, but this difference was not observed between the mid-bloom Alf and 15-wk FG. Regardless plant maturity, in vitro ruminal fermentation of FG produced less (p<0.001) CH4 either on DM incubated or on DM disappeared basis than that of Alf during 48-h incubation. In vitro ruminal fermentation of FG yielded similar amount of total volatile fatty acids with higher (p<0.05) propionate percentage as compared to fermentation of Alf irrespective of plant maturity. Microbial protein synthesis was greater (p<0.001) with 11-wk FG than early bloom Alf as substrate and 16S RNA gene copies of total bacteria was higher (p<0.01) with 15-wk FG than mid-bloom Alf as substrate. Compared to mid-bloom Alf, 15-wk FG had lower (p<0.05 to 0.001) amount of 16S RNA methanogen gene copies in the whole culture during 48-h incubation. Conclusion: In comparison to Alf, FG emerges as a high quality forage that can not only improve rumen fermentation in vitro, but can also remarkably mitigate CH4 emissions likely due to being rich in saponins.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.239-248
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of soil depths and soil organic fertilizer application on the growth characteristics of Spiraea bumalda 'Gold Mound' in a extensive green roof system. The treatments were 3 soil depths (10, 15 and 25 cm) and 5 soil types in mixture of artificial soil and organic fertilizer. We measured plant height, leaf width, leaf length, number of flowers, visual quality and survival rate from March to October in 2011. The growing medium of 10 cm soil depth showed the highest plant growth in $A_1$ (amended soil 100%), and the lowest plant growth in $O_1A_4$ (organic fertilizer 20% + amended soil 80%) treatment. In case of 15 cm soil depth, Spiraea bumalda 'Gold Mound' showed a high leaf length and visual quality in $O_1A_2$(organic fertilizer 33% + amended soil 67%) treatment and high leaf width and number of flowers in $O_1$ (organic fertilizer 100%) treatment. $A_1$ treatment without organic fertilizer showed the lowest leaf length and poorest visual quality, and $O_1A_4$ treatment showed the lowest plant height and lowest number of flowers. At soil depth 25 cm, $O_1A_1$ (organic fertilizer 50% + amended soil 50%) treatment showed greater plant height, visual quality and number of flowers than other treatments. The leaf length and leaf width were more effective in $O_1$ treatment. $A_1$ treatment showed a relatively low leaf length, leaf width and visual quality. The higher the organic conditioner, the better the plant growth. And, survival rates of Spiraea bumalda 'Gold Mound' showed 92%, 88% and 76% at soil depths of 25 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm, respectively, in this a extensive green roof system. Therefore, the results showed that the growth of Spiraea bumalda 'Gold Mound' was affected by both soil quality and soil depth. Different optimal mixtures of organic fertilizer and amended soil were determined, depending upon soil depth.

• 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.147-170
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• 2006

Landfill gas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic wastes, and it is considered to produce bad smells and pollute the environment. Economic trials and the developments of landfill gas, as an alternative energy resource, become known at the recent years, Resource development of landfill gas, which is managed by Korea up to now, is for the most part generation using gas engine. Medium BTU and High BTU are considered for the power generation as well. Most income of generation using gas engine is selling charge through a power plant. Expecting to manage the power plant for up to 10 years, the analysis based on revenue and expenditure shows when the unit price is 65.2 Won and the operating rate reaches 90%, it is possible to be into the black in 2012 without considering additional financial expense, It was also analyzed that the profit at a unit price of 85 Won under the anticipated rising unit price by the operating rate of 71% is larger than at the operating rate of 90% under limited unit price of 65.2 Won. It means to manage the power plant at a unit price of 65.2 Won and the operating rate must be higher than 90% for economic logicality. If we assume that the operating rate is 90% and it increases the unit price, the unit price must be higher than 85 Won for the management of a power plant. Analysis of changing a unit price, however, might be expected to have a gradual rise of prices. If there is no price rising and additional income related to CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) and emission trading upon Kyoto protocol, the management of a power plant using gas engine will get financial difficulties because of many operating expenses. However, since landfill gas is considered as a worthy energy resource for the guarantee of sustainable development and for the equity between recent generation and future generation, the development of it must be accomplished by the government's additional supporting and efforts under the interest of all stakeholder who are involved.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of the different mixing ratios of substrate mixtures based on peat moss and the concentration of nutrient solution on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings. Substrates such as peat moss, rice hull, carbonized rice hull, decomposed sawdust, perlite and granular rock wool were mixed and used. The concentration of nutrient solution were adjusted to EC $0.5{\sim}1.5mS/cm$. The volumetric moisture contents became higher as peat moss mixed were much more. Total porosities in all substrate mixtures were over 80%, and pH in substrate mixtures became lower as the volume of peat moss mixed higher. Mixing ratios of substrates suitable for the production of tomato seedlings with the higher quality were peat moss:rice hull:carbonized rice hull:decomposed sawdust:perlite=25:10:25:20:20(v/v). The plant growth was not significant among the different substrate mixtures. However, plant growth such as plant height, leaf area, and total dry weight became significantly increased as EC increasing.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The traditional Korean diet is plant-based and rich in antioxidants. Previous studies have investigated the potential health benefits of individual nutrients of Korean foods. However, the cumulative effects of a Korean diet on inflammation remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a plant-based Korean diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 75 individual plant food items were selected which represent over 1% of the total diet intake of the Korean diet. These items were classified into ten different food groups, and the vegetable (Veg) and fruit (Fruit) groups were studied based on their high antioxidant capacity. For comparison, a mixture of all ten groups (Mix) was prepared. To produce a model of inflammation with which to test these Veg, Fruit, and Mix plant-based Korean food extracts (PKE), RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS: Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), as well as protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were found to be lower following PKE treatment. Furthermore, PKE treatment was found to suppress tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling pathway. Overall, the Mix group exhibited the greatest anti-inflammatory effects compared with Veg and Fruit PKE group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by the PKE tested was found to involve an inhibition of NF-kB activation. Moreover, PKE tested have the potential to ameliorate various inflammation-related diseases by limiting the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 2003

In order to investigate the effects of developmental stage of embryos and plant growth regulators on mass production of Zantedeschia spp. Southern Light, immature zygotic embryos of Zantedeschia spp. Southern Light were cultured on Murashige and Skoog(1962) basal media or containing 2,4-D, NAA and BA. Globular embryos did not grow on any of the 2,4-D, NAA and BA combinations. The most suitable stage of immature zygotic embryo culture on the induction callus and multiple shoot was at early cotyledonary embryo stage, and at this stage of embryos were germinated up to 87.5%. The whitish watery callus and yellowish compact nodular callus produced on all 2,4-D, NAA and BA media. The best combination for inducing embryogenic callus was 0.5 mgL NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA. Whitish watery calli have been subcultured for more than 8 months and have retained their producing ability, Plant regeneration was only obtained by direct shoot development and yellowish compact nodular calli. Abundant plantlets were regenerated from cotyledonary stage of embryo culture on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA. Supplementation of the media with 10％ coconut water showed as the best concentration for plant differentiation from direct developed of shoots. The number of regenerated plants from one embryo could be seperated 25-35s plantlets. All yellowish compact callus-derived plantlets were transferred to pots containing a mixture of vermiculite, perlite and sand(1:1;1 v/v) and 100% of divided plantlets were phenotypically normal.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of bulb size, type of media, depth of planting, and nutrient compositions on sprouting and growth of tissue cultured garlic microbulbs in hydroponic culture. Early and increased sprouting were observed when the microbulbs were transplanted into soil planted in shallow (1 cm in depth), while bulb size and fresh weight of the whole plant increased in deep planting (3 cm in depth). Bulb size have greatly influenced on not only sprouting rate but also plant growth after planting. Large bulbs resulted in high growth rate such as number of leaves, stem width, plant height, and increase in bulb size after planting. It was shown that Oriental nutrient solution (N=0.17, P=0.45, K=1.29, Ca=2.44, and Mg=0.98 me/L) was more effective in sprouting and further growth of microbulbs as compared to Yamazaki solution (N=0.27, P=0.16, K=1.50, Ca=1.36 and Mg=0.78 me/L). Microbulbs grown in mixture of leaf mould + bark + sand or Baroko showed the most vigrous growth.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.327-332
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• 2000

Supended cells of Camptotheca acuminata were observed to lose their ability to synthesize camptothecin and its derivatives as a result of repeated cultures. Accordingly, the maintenance of high-yield cells by cryopreservation was sudied to overcome this stability problem, and various factors involved were optimized. Pregrowing the cells in 8% myoinositol for 4 days was found to be the most effective in improving survival. The highest survival was obtained when the pregrown cells were cryoprotected with a mixture of 10% DMSO, 0.6M mannitol, and 10% glycerol. When the cryopreserved cells were maintained in a freezer at $-70^{\circ}C$, 94% survival was obtained after 4 months. The survivals after 5 and 8 months of storage decreased to 52% and 45%, respectively. No loss of biosynthetic capacility of camptothecin was observed after short to medium term cryopreservation of C. acuminata.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2001

Biosorption of Pb was evaluated for plants, Persicaria chinensis, Oenanthe javanica and Salvinia natnas. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 1hr for Pb and the highest adsorption capacity was 150mg Pb/g biomass at S.natans. Pb adsorption process showed a pseudo second order irreversible reaction. The highest initial adsorption rate was 2000mg pb/g biomass/hr at O.javanica. In spite of pH variation, Pb adsorption capacity by was selection, Pb was selectively adsorved. The selectivity of mixture solution showed the adsorption order of Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd. The Pb adsorption capacity of P. chinensis pretreated with NaOH was increased by 30% in comparison with that of no treatment.