• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.122-134
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• 2021

Recently, yogurt has been extensively studied to further enhance its functions using edible plant extracts. This study was conducted to investigate whether safflower petal (SP) as a natural food additive can be used to develop functional yogurt with improved health benefits. SPs were extracted with ethanol (SPE) and hot water (SPW), and then safflower yogurt was prepared by adding 0%-1.0% of those extracts to plain yogurt. With an increase in the fermentation duration, the pH of SPE and SPW yogurt samples was decreased, whereas titratable acidity and microbial counts were increased. The concentration of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the activity of antioxidants, and the inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher in SPW yogurt than SPE yogurt. Furthermore, α-glucosidase and lipase activity inhibitory effects of SPW yogurt were higher than those of SPE yogurt. In particular, free radical-scavenging activities, ROS inhibitory effect, and α-glucosidase activity inhibitory effects were significantly increased in SPW yogurt in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these results suggest that SP extract possesses antioxidant activities and that it can downregulate α-glucosidase and lipase activities. The SP extract may have potential benefits as a natural food additive for the development of functional yogurt.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 1992

A survey on nation-wide distribution of fresh-water algae occurring in paddy rice fields was conducted in 1991. The algae which were collected from the whole nation were classified into a total of 54 genera including 14 genera in the blue-green algae. 29 genera in the green algae, 1 genus in the stoneworts. 3 genera in the euglenoids and 7 genera in the diatoms. The green algae and diatoms occurring in plain regions were diverse in terms of the number of genera distributed, whereas there was no regional difference in diversity of the blue-green algae and the euglenoids. Among the green algae, the suspended unicellular algae such as the genera, Chlamydomonas, Pandorina and Gonium, were widespread in plain regions, but the multicellular algae such as the genera, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, Ulothrix and Hydordictyon, were major in mountainous and attitudinal regions. The filamentous green algae such as the genera. Cladophora and Rhizoclonium, were dominant in reclaimed saline fields. The blue-green algae Oscillatoria spp. and the diatoms Navicula spp. were abundant in soil flakes.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.165-182
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• 1998

When tour site is being used by people for the destination of tour, it has a life, or it will lose its life as a tour site. Therefore this paper aims to, based on Butler's theory, has chosen 46 hot spring spots in Korea which are legally assigned and presently running, and tried to analyze the life cycles, the stage of dispositional characteristics, and visitors' favoritism, and to try to find activating method which is not decline. Out of 46 spots, 29 Places were found on the stage of development, which took high percentage, 4 were on the growing stage, 5 were on the mature stage, 5 were on the stagnation or decline stage and the rest 3 were on the stage of rejuvenation. Geographically, Korean hot springs were located on the plain or mountainous areas mostly, and less of them were on hills and coast lines. In water quality, most of places had simple water while the places with salt and sulfur contained water were marked low rate. The temperatures of hot spring water were variable between $25^{\circ}C{\sim}78^{\circ}C$, but the older hot springs were hotter than new ones. After observing the relationship between disposition characteristics and life cycles, the geographical locations and the matter of approach were found as majour influential factors to the life cycles of them. The type of mountainous areas were observed slow progress in life cycle, due to traffic problem, until the road expansion or pavement work were done. Meanwhile, the suburban ones adjacent to big cities were favored by hot spring tourists due to their easy approach and easy traffic. The new born hot springs with such conditions have shown the fast growth. As studied above, since the hot springs were supposed to be for recuperation and vacational, a hot spring with better recreational and accommodational facilities was more favored by tourists than the one with pretty interior decorations. It was because the tour purpose of people has been switched from single purpose to multi one. Thus, the suggestion for activating a declining hot spring and bringing people in them is to develop new and attractive tour resources, expanding the related area, maintaining good quality of water, developing a complex site for long-term tour, developed traffic routs, hot spring festivals, utilizing adjacent tour resources, preparing public water supply system, and assigning as special tour zone.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2003

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of bird communities due to different habitat types on 3 sites in Han river area from May 2001 to January 2002. Water area was the most dominant habitat type in each site and also forest was dominant habitat type in site 1(Paldang area). Site 2(Bam island area) had various habitat types e.g. shrub field sandv plain, reed bed and grass field. Total 52 bird species were recorded on 3 sites in Han river. Ducks were the most dominant species, especially in January 2002. Density of individuals were higher in site 1 and 2, but lower in site 3(Nanjido area). In January 2002, dabbling ducks were dominant in site 2, and diving ducks were in site 1. Among diving ducks, common merganser Mergus merganser showed high density in site 2 and pochard Aythya ferina did in site 1. In site 1, coot Fulica atra showed also high density Diverse habitat types could be support foraging resources for dabbling ducks in site 2. High density of pochard and coot would be related to abundant aquatic plants and stable water depth in site 1. Manipulation of riparian zone in site 3 into natural vegetation would increase the bird species diversity. By the manipulation of habitat, habitat potentiality of birds would be increase in Han river area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage protect bird community in Gap stream. The survey was carried out over four sections by the line transect method and point counts method from September 2001 to August 2002. Natural stream region as Gasuwon Bridge - Mannyeon Bridge are observed birds were 11 orders 29 families 67 species, Artificial stream region as Mannyeon Bridge - Daedeok Bridge are observed birds were 6 orders 10 families 30 species, Daedeok Bridge - Wonchon Bridge are 8 orders 12 families 28 species, Wonchon Bridge - Gap Stream Bridge are 8 orders 18 families 40 species. All the observed birds in artificial stream region are 8 orders 19 families 47 species. Number of species in natural stream region was higher than artificial stream region owe to a various habitat environment such as forest, cultivated land, streamside forest, sandy plain, gravelly field, reedy field etc. and can not add with the interface and the usage of the human. Number of species in artificial stream region was lower than natural stream region owe to a simple habitat environment and the water ecosystem is severed with embankment block and grass plot with the land ecosystem. The furtherance of various habitat environment which considers the ecosystem like the natural stream as the water ecosystem is joined together with the land ecosystem is desired to attract various wildbirds in Gap stream. The design is desired with the maintenance of the stream to consider the stream corridor which plays ecological important role as connect the fragment habitats.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.3 s.134
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• pp.495-505
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• 2003

Convective weather systems such as organized mesoscale convective systems (Mesoscale Convective Complex, MCC and Convective Cloud Clusters, CCC) and much weaker Disorganized Short-lived Convection (DSC) in the region of India and Nepal were analyzed using the Meteosat-5 IR imagery. The diurnal march and propagation of patterns of convective activity in the Himalayas and Northern Indian subcontinent were examined. Results indicate that infrared satellite images of Northern India and along the southern flank of the Himalayas reveal a strong presence of convective weather systems during the 1999 and 2000 monsoons, especially in the afternoon and during the night. The typical MCCs have life-times of about 11 hours, and areal extent about $300,000km^2$. Although the core of MCC activity remains generally away from the Middle Himalayan range, the occurrence of heavy precipitation events in this region can be directly linked to MCCs that venture into the Lesser Himalayan region and remain within the region bounded by $25^{\circ}-30^{\circ}N$. One principal feature in the spatial organization of convection is the dichotomy between the Tibetan Plateau and the Northern Indian Plains: CCCs and DSCs begin in the Tibetan Plateau in the mid-afternoon into the evening; while they are most active in the mid-night and early morning in the Gangetic Plains and along the southern facing flanks of the Himalayas. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the daily cycle of rainfall documented for a network of 20 hydrometeorological stations in Central Nepal, which show strong nocturnal peaks of intense rainfall consistent with the close presence of Convective Weather Systems (CWSs) in the Gangetic Plains (Barros et al. 2000).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2013

In this study, a smooth flat surface, low fin, Turbo-B, and Thermoexcel-E surfaces are used to examine the effect of the flow velocity on the pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and critical heat fluxes (CHFs). HTCs and CHFs are measured on a smooth square heater of $9.53{\times}9.53mm^2$ at $60^{\circ}C$ in a pool of pure water at various fluid velocities of 0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 m/s. Test results show that for all surfaces, CHFs obtained with flow are higher than those obtained without flow. CHFs of the low fin surface are higher than those of the Turbo-B and Thermoexcel-E surfaces due largely to the increase in surface area and sufficient fin spaces for the easy removal of bubbles. CHFs of the low fin surface show even 5 times higher CHFs as compared to the plain surface. On the other hand, both Turbo-B and Thermoexcel-E surfaces do not show satisfactory results because their pore sizes are too small and water bubbles easily cover them. At low heat fluxes of less than $50kW/m^2$, HTCs increase as the flow velocity increases for all surfaces. In conclusion, a low fin geometry is good for application to steam generators in nuclear power plants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects on the seasonal population change of microflora of long-term application of organic matters in Fluvio-Alluvial plain of Jeonbug series. As organic matters, rice straw and compost of 5 and 10ton/ha, which were applied with the different nitrogen fertilizer level of 0, 150kg/ha into the soil 15cm deep, respectively. A number of total aerobic bacteria were gradually increased from just after water-logging before rice transplanting to pancle formations stage, afterthat decreased at harvest. The other side, a number of actinomycetes, fungi and cellulose-decomposers were slightly fluctuated until panicle formation stage and increased at havesting stage. In general, microorganism numbers were higher in organic matter with long-term nitrogen fertilizer applied plot, while cellulose-decomposers were higher in only organic matter applied plot. The microorganisms of ammonia-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing and nitrite-oxidizing, and denitrifying bacteria showed the maximum number at harvest stage, at panicle formation stage and at early tillering stage, respectively, while that of ammonifying bacteria were variable if nitrogen fertilizer applied or not at the respective periods in nitrogen cycle under water-logging. These bacteria were numerous in the organic matter plots combined with nitrogen fertilizer, especially, denitrifying bacteria in rice straw, others no difference.

• Water for future
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1974

본시험은 관개 및 배수 설계를 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 토양수분 및 지하수위의 변화상태를 구명하고자 하는 것으로 카나다 퀴백(Quebec) 지방 저지대의 대표적인 2종의 태양인 점토와 사질로움 토양에 대해서 일차적으로 지표, 지하배수간의 토양수분과 지하수위의 변화를 연구분석한 것으로 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 2종의 토양(점토, 사질로움)에 있어서 공히 토양수분은 지표로부터 지하로 내려갈수록 증가되는 상태를 나타냈으면 이는 하층토로 내려감에 따라 팽창된 치밀한 토양 조직을 가지고 있음을 시사하며 2. 동기에 있어서는 지표로부터 12inch 깊이의 토양수분이 더 깊은 18inch나 24inch 깊이의 토양수분보다 증가된 상태를 유지하였다. 이는 토양내의 빙결막이나 지표면의 눈 또는 어름에 영향으로 생각되며 이 경향은 점토질 토양에서 보다 토양내 빙결막으로의 수분 이종을 조장해주는 투수 계수가 큰 사질로움 토양에서 더 높았다. 3. 양식험구 공히 지표에서 얕은 지하 0∼3inch 이내의 토양수분은 항우를 전후해서 급격한 변화를 가져왔다. 여기에서 수분의 급상승은 호우시나 표층토가 하층토의 토양수분에 영향을 주는 항우이전에 포장용수량(Field capacity)에 달했기 때문에 급항하는 지표면의 물 분자가 열에너지에 의해 증발산되고 천층에 산재한 초, 수근에 의해 소비되는 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 4. 지하수위하의 토양수분은 포화에 달하여 거의 일정할 것으로 기대되었지만 실제로 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 이들 변화에는 부분적으로 토양사극이 지하수위하이라도 채워지지 않았거나(Capillary pressure가 작을 시) 혹은 관측기간 중에 토양의 융기와 수축에 기인된다고 생각된다. 5. 지하배수구가 지표배수구에 비해 지하수위항하가 빨랐음은 물론 사질로움 토양에서는 보다 높은 투수계수로 인해서 지하수위의 항하가 점토질 토양에서 보다 훨씬 빨랐음을 보여주고 있다.표시할 수 있다.된다.acid $0.41{\sim}0.65%$, 오미자는 malic acid $1.51{\sim}3.90%$, citric acid $2.40{\sim}3.92%$로 주요 유기산이 있다. 타닌은 물보다 에탄올 추출물이 다소 함량이 높았으며 특히 오갈피는 $3.35{\sim}3.85%$로 매우 높은 함량이었다.a 6 cases, etc. 2. The retroperitoneal space including kidneys were the most commonly involved site (43.5%), of which Wilms' tumor was the commonest. 3. About 2/3 of tumors developed under the age of 6 and the commonest lesion was Wilms' tumor and the next being neuroblastoma, teratoma, ovarian cyst and so forth. 4. In all tumors except ovarian tumor and choledochal cyst, male was more frequently affected. 5. In plain abdomen 75% of neuroblastoma crossed the mid line while in Wilms' tumor only 2 cases (14%) showed midline cross. Calcific density was 입력불가 in all 6 cases of teratoma (100%) as dense and discrete ossification, in 3 case of neuroblatoma (38%) characteristically in diffuse stippled appearance and in one case

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2013

We have researched heterogeneity of naturalized river plant community by ${\beta}$-diversity for restoration of river community which has high diversity plant species. As a result the average of heterogeneity was 0.32(range 0.23~0.37) from the river to the inland. This value shows community turnover of species composition of plant communities 6 times. The ${\beta}$-diversity was no difference among water system of Seomjin river, Han river, Nakdong river and Geum river. The upper-river valley(0.36) was higher than lower-river valley(0.23) in each water system(p level<0.05). Multiple regressing analysis was used for look the relationship with Environmental factors as a result, it shows ${\beta}$-diversity significant on a slope. River mimetic diagram with dominant species that appear through Belt-transect painted. Dominant plant species turned 6 time in upper-river and turned about 5 time in lower-river. The result of this study suggested practical basis of planting species and planting pattern. To improve species diversity of river plant community, slope degree raise is the most important.