• 한국양식학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2004

A cDNA encoding the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, estrogen receptor $\alpha$ (msER$\alpha$) was cloned from the pituitary gland by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding 513 amino acid residues, and the calculated molecular weight of this protein is about 56,430 Dalton. The amino acid sequences of the DNA binding and ligand binding domains of msER$\alpha$ showed high homology to those of other fish species (84-100%). Reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that the mRNA level of msER$\alpha$ in the pituitary was slightly higher in estradiol-17$\beta$(E2) injected masu salmon than that of control fish. To test the biological activity of msER$\alpha$, the cDNA was ligated to a mammalian expression vector and transfected into a gonadotrope-derived cell line, L$\beta$T2, with a reporter plasmid including estrogen responsive element. Expression of the reporter protein, luciferase, was E2 and msER$\alpha$-dependent. The masu salmon ER$\alpha$ is structurally conserved among teleost species and functions as a transcriptional activator in the pituitary cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1844-1853
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated how pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) affects embryonic development during pre-in vitro maturation (pre-IVM) using porcine oocytes isolated from small follicles. Methods: We divided the follicles into the experimental groups by size (SF, small follicles; MF, medium follicles) and treated with and without PACAP and cultured for 18 hours (PreSF[-]PACAP; without PACAP, Pre-SF[+]PACAP; with PACAP) before undergoing IVM. The gene expression related to extracellular matrix formation (amphiregulin, epiregulin, and hyaluronan synthase 2 [HAS2]) and apoptosis (Bcl-2-associated X [BAX], B-cell lymphoma 2, and cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3) was investigated after maturation. The impact on developmental competence was assessed by the cleavage and blastocyst rate and total cell number of blastocysts in embryos generated from parthenogenesis (PA) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Results: Cleavage rates in the Pre-SF(+)PACAP after PA were significantly higher than SF and Pre-SF(-)PACAP (p<0.05). The cleavage rates between MF and Pre- SF(+)PACAP groups yielded no notable differences after IVF. Pre-SF(+)PACAP displayed the higher rate of blastocyst formation and greater total cell number than SF and Pre-SF(-)PACAP (p<0.05). Cumulus cells showed significant upregulation of HAS2 mRNA in the Pre-SF(+)PACAP compared to the SF (p<0.05). In comparison to other groups, the Pre-SF(+)PACAP group displayed a downregulation in mRNA expression of BAX in matured oocytes (p<0.05). Conclusion: The PACAP treatment during pre-IVM improved the developmental potential of porcine oocytes derived from SF by regulating cumulus expansion and apoptosis of oocytes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6245-6248
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• 2013

Aims: To study effects of down-regulation of pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) on proliferation and metastasis ability of the SCL-1 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) cell line and explore related mechanisms. Methods: SCL-1 cells were divided into 3 groups (untreated, siRNA control and PTTG siRNA). Cell proliferation assays were performed using a CCK-8 kit and proliferation and metastasis ability were analyzed using Boyden chambers. In addition, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was detected by r-time qPCR and Western blotting. Results: Down-regulation of PTTG could markedly inhibit cell proliferation in SCL-1 cells, compared to untreated and control siRNA groups (P < 0.05). Real-time qPCR demonstrated that expression levels of PTTG, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the PTTG siRNA group were 0.8%, 23.2% and 21.3% of untreated levels. Western blotting revealed that expression of PTTG, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in the PTTG siRNA group was obviously down-regulated. The numbers of migrating cells ($51.38{\pm}4.71$) in the PTTG siRNA group was obviously lower than that in untreated group ($131.33{\pm}6.12$) and the control siRNA group ($127.72{\pm}5.20$) (P < 0.05), suggesting that decrease of proliferation and metastasis ability mediated by PTTG knock-down may be closely correlated with down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Conclusion: Inhibition of PTTG expression may be a new target for therapy of CSCC.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2006

목 적: 본 연구는 흰쥐 난소를 실험모델로 하여 미성숙 전동 난포의 성장에 대한 pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)의 영향을 얄아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 미성숙 전동 난포를 생후 21일된 흰쥐로부터 분리하여 PACAP을 첨가하거나 첨가하지 않은 무혈청 배양액에서 3일 동안 배양하고, 푸로게스테론 호르몬의 생성, 난포의 성장, 과립막세포의 증식 및 유전자의 동태 등을 관찰하였다. 증식의 정도는 thymidine incorporation 방법으로 검색하고 유전자의 변동은 Northern 분석을 이용하였다. 결 과: PACAP으로 처리한 군은 난포의 직경이 75% 증가한 반면 난포자극호르몬인 FSH로 처리한 군은 65% 증가하였고, PACAP 처리는 과립막 세포의 증식을 강화시켰다. FSH와 PACAP 공히 배양된 흰쥐 난포의 과립막 세포와 FSH에 반응하는 세포주인 GFSHR-17에서의 프로게스테론 생성을 촉진시켰고, PACAP이 FSH의 작용을 증진시켜 SF-1과 아로마타제 유전자 발현을 촉진시켰다. 결 론: 본 연구는 PACAP이 과립막증식과 스테로이드합성을 통하여 전동 난포의 성장을 촉진함을 시사하였고, 또한, SF-1, 아로마타제 등에 대한 FSH의 작용을 도와주는 역할을 PACAP이 담당하므로 PACAP은 초기 난포성장에 필요한 난소국소인자임을 유추할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2000

The types of $K^+$ channel which determine the pattern of spontaneous action potential (SAP) were investigated using whole-cell variation of patch clamp techniques under current- and voltage-clamp recording conditions in rat clonal pituitary $GH_3$ cells. Heterogeneous pattern of SAP activities was changed into more regular mode with elongation of activity duration and afterhyperpolarization by treatment of TEA (10 mM). Under this condition, exposure of the class III antiarrhythmic agent E-4031 $(5\;{\mu}M)$ to $GH_3$ cells hardly affected SAP activities. On the other hand, the main $GH_3$ stimulator thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) still produced its dual effects (transient hyperpolarization and later increase in SAP frequency) in the presence of TEA. However, addition of $BaCl_2$ (2 mM) in the presence of TEA completely blocked SAP repolarization process and produced membrane depolarization in all tested cells. This effect was observed even in TEA-untreated cells and was not mimicked by higher concentration of TEA (30 mM). Also this barium-induced membrane depolarization effect was still observed after L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel was blocked by nicardipine $(10\;{\mu}M).$ These results suggest that barium-sensitive current is important in SAP repolarization process and barium itself may have some depolarizing effect in $GH_3$ cells.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한불임학회 1999년도 제38차 추계 학술대회
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• pp.51-52
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• 1999

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2000

유선에서 젖의 생산은 뇌하수체 호르몬인 성장 호르몬과 프롤락틴을 포함한 여러 가지 호르몬의 조절을 받는다. 최근의 연구에 따르면 이 호르몬들 중에서 성장호르몬과 프롤락틴은 유선에서도 그 유전자 전사체가 발견된다 본 연구에서는 유선에서 발현되는 성장호르몬이 유선 특이 발현 유전자의 발현에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 유선 특이 발현 유전자인 베타-락토글로불린($\beta$-lactoglobulin :BLG)의 프로모터를 모델 시스템으로 하여 소와 사람의 성장 호르몬이 유선의 유전자 발현에 끼치는 영향을 조사하였다. 성장 호르몬은 단독으로 처리하였을 패 베타-락토글로불린 유전자 프로모터 활성을 억제하였다. 그러나 젖 분비 호르몬들인 인슐린, 프롤락틴, 글루코코르티코이드와 함께 처리하였을 때는 농도 의존적으로 BLG 프로모터 활성을 상승시키는 효과를 보였다. 성장 호르몬을 유선 세포내에서 발현시켰을때는 적정농도에서 세포 증식과 유선 프로모터 활성을 크게 증진시켰다. 반면 소의 성장 호르몬 유전자 프로모터는 유선 세포에서 뚜렷한 활성을 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 유선에서 발현되는 뇌하수체 호르몬들은 조절 누수에 의한 유전자 발현이 아니라 생리적 기능을 가지고 있음을 의미한다. 또 인위적으로 성장호르몬의 발현을 조절하여 적정한 양이 발현되도록 하면 젖의 생산을 증진시킬 수 있다는 가능성도 암시한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.5281-5286
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• 2012

Purpose: Receptor 7 (CXCR7) has recently been characterized as a novel receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 (stromal cell derived factor-1). Given the demonstrated importance of CXCL12/SDF-1 in angiogenesis and tumour metastasis, we hypothesized that CXCR7 may also play a role in tumour pathogenesis. Located in the limited space of the intracranial cavity, any brain tumours can be inherently serious and life-threatening. However, the expression of CXCR7 in pituitary adenoma, neurilemmoma or hemangioblastoma remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the potential contribution of CXCR7 in the development of brain tumours. Methods: In this study we examined and quantified the mRNA expression of CXCR7 in four different human brain tumours - 27 patients with neurilemmoma (8 patients), pituitary adenoma (7 patients), hemangioblastoma (6 patients), or meningioma (6 patients) undergoing surgical resection in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. There were 15 females and 12 males aged from 28 to 70 years old. Total RNA was isolated and mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS 11.0 statistical software to compare the mRNA levels of CXCR7 among four groups. Results: We found that CXCR7 mRNA was detected in all tumour samples. Quantitative results showed that the levels of CXCR7 mRNA in brain tissues from patients with neurilemmoma or meningioma were significantly higher than those with pituitary adenoma or hemangioblastoma. Conclusions: The results suggest that the CXCR7 may play a role in progression, metastasis and angiogenesis of brain tumours.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

The mechanism by which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine (DA) control gonadotropin (GTH) release was studied in male and female rainbow trout using cultured pituitary cells obtained at different reproductive stages. The mechanisms of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by GnRH and DA could not be determined yet. However, basal and salmon-type GnRH (sGnRH)- or chicken-II-type GnRH (cGnRH-II)- induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release increased with gonadal maturation in both sexes. LH release activity was higher after sGnRH stimulation than cGnRH-II stimulation at maturing stages in both sexes. The GnRH antagonist ([Ac-3, 4-dehydro-$Pro^1$, D-p-F-$Phe^2$, D-$Trp^{3,6}$] GnRH) suppressed LH release by sGnRH stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, although the effect was weak in maturing fish. The role of DA as a GTH-release inhibitory factor differs during the reproductive cycle: the inhibition of sGnRH-stimulated LH release by DA was stronger in immature fish than in maturing, ovulating, or spermiated fish. DA did not completely inhibit sGnRH-stimulated LH release, and DA alone did not alter basal LH release. Relatively high doses ($10^{-6}$ or $10^{-5}M$) of domperidone (DOM, a DA D2 antagonist) increased LH release, which did not change with reproductive stage in either sex. The potency of DOM to enhance sGnRH-stimulated LH release was higher in maturing and ovulated fish than in immature fish. These data suggest that LH release from the pituitary gland is controlled by dual neuroendocrine mechanisms by GnRH and DA in rainbow trout, as has been reported in other teleosts. The mechanism of control of FSH release, however, remains unknown.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2001

The relation of endocrine in the western medicine and zangfu-organ functions in Korean medicine, related to growth disturbance, was studied and derived the following results. 1. The hormone most related to growth disturbance is, directly secreted from the anterior pituitary or is stimulated and secreted in the target grands, growth hormone, thyroid, adrenocortical hormone, gonadial hormone and is insulin secreted from $\beta$ cell of langerhans' slands of pancreas. 2. the pituitary has the most close relation with the kidney in the five zang-organ. Because the kidney is innate origin(先天之本) and promotes qi and blood(生化氣血), stores the essence of life(藏精), dominates the bones(主骨) and promotes the marrow(生骨髓). Especially it is connected with brain(通於腦). 3. In the children growth, the endocrine action in the pituitary has the most close relation with the kidney, As in the reports of the brain and spinal cord, bone, store essence of life, sexual maturation and decline(kidney-qi, sexual functions of both sexes(天癸)) etc, and cause of cretinism, dwarf in the main subject. 4. Somatomedin is the most important factor of the growth factors, IGF in another word. The unification of IGF and secretion is controlled firstly according to growth hormone, however is very closely related to the nutrition status in the non-hormonic causes. Also, it is affected very much by the insulin. 5. Insulin is one of the important hormone related to the growth and is secreted from the pancreas. Pancreas belongs to the functional system of spleen in oriental medicine, thus the growth disturbance, occurred due to error in insulin secretion and nutrition(in another words, the lack of postnatal essential substance from food-stuff(水穀精氣)), is closely related to the spleen. 6. From the results driven above, the hormone action of endocrine and problem in secretion, related to the growth disturbance, must be focused on the differentiation of symptoms and signs of the kidney and the spleen in oriental medicine.