• MALSORI
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• no.40
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• pp.51-63
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• 2000

There are sentences where sentence stress is imposed on a specific word. These sentences are called 'focused sentences'. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variation of pitch, duration, amplitude in focused words. It is noted that pitch of a focused word is higher than that of unfocused words irrespective of the accentual pattern, and that contour tones such as HL or LH are realized longer when these tones appear in focused words. Not only the noun but also the following particle like '-boda' is higher when these words are in focus. Hence pitch is proved to be the most salient prosodic feature of the focused sentence.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

The number of North Korean refugees entering South Korea is continuously increasing. North Korean speakers show significant differences in vowel and consonant phonetics, length of vowels, and the rhythm and intonation of sentences. The object of this research was to examine the effectiveness of a speech intervention program for North Korean refugees using visual feedback through acoustical analysis for intonation. The subjects were three adults with no speech disabilities who had been in South Korea for less than five years. They had not received any prior treatment for inflection change. The program was set in a discourse situation and used Praat to evaluate intonation and provide visual feedback as demonstrating proper intonation changes through pitch contour. The results after intervention are as follows. First, intonation was significantly improved according to a 5-point subjective evaluation scale. Second, the pitch contour was similar to the contour of standard South Korean pronunciation. The subjects were very satisfied with this initial treatment and showed a high level of motivation. In subsequent study, the development of intervention and the comparison of interventions will be needed as well.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.77-89
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• 2007

This paper examined the intonation contours of English sentences produced by the Korean students. Thirty students participated in the speaking tasks made up of three parts: an oral interview, picture description and a conversational text reading. Their pronunciations in the parts were recorded on a minidisk. Then, two native instructors evaluated their proficiency level focusing on general intelligibility and suprasegmental aspects of the speech. Based on the results of evaluation they were divided into two groups: high and low proficiency groups. The pitch contours of three sentences produced by both the Korean students and a native speaker were compared to find any similarities and differences in the students' intonation patterns using Praat. Results showed that there was a moderate correlation in the proficiency scores of the students by the two native speakers. Secondly, students who earned high scores in the proficiency level matched better the native model. Thirdly, the high group students knew more on the pitch contour and tried to carefully realize them while fewer students in the low group answered positively on the questionnaire. In conclusion, English learners need to know the proper intonation patterns and to practice them consciously and sufficiently to realize correct intonation contours. Further studies would be desirable on the students' pronunciation focused on discourse structure.

• 재활복지
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.165-186
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare adults' with intellectual disabilities voice pitch between who have choir experiences and those who do not. Participants were a total of 21 male adults with intellectual disabilities (12 choir group members and 9 non-choir group). Praat test was conducted to compare the characteristics of pitch, produced by the participants while they were singing in their comfortable pitch range. The results showed that the range of melodic contour in the choir group was broader and higher than those of the non choir group. Participants in the choir group produced a lower pitch in the beginning note, and they produced a higher pitch compared to the non-choir group on the highest and lowest note of the song. An analysis on the pitch of the individual note that the participants produced revealed a gap between the expected pitch notes and the actual notes produced while singing. In all syllables of the song, participants in the choir group showed higher accuracy of the pitch production, and significantly more accurate on the perfect fifth and eighth intervals. Regarding to the relative pitch, participants in the choir group produced significantly more accurate notes on perfect fifth, perfect fourth, and perfect eighth intervals. Findings of the study suggest that constant singing experience enable them to have pitch training. It also implies for further studies regarding to singing abilities of adults with intellectual disabilities.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.77-81
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• 2006

This paper presents a technique of imposing the prosodic features of a native speaker's utterance onto the same sentence uttered by a non-native speaker. Three acoustic aspects of the prosodic features were considered: the fundamental frequency (F0) contour, segmental durations, and the intensity contour. The fundamental frequency contour and the segmental durations of the native speaker's utterance were imposed on the non-native speaker's utterance by using the PSOLA (pitch-synchronous overlap and add) algorithm [1] implemented in Praat[2]. The intensity contour transfer was also done in Praat. The technique of transferring one or more of these prosodic features was elaborated and its implications in the area of language education were discussed.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 2003

This study aims to experiment on learning French intonation, based on the visualization of melody, which was employed in the early sixties to reeducate those with communication disorders. The visualization of melody in this paper, however, was used to the foreign language learning and produced successful results in many ways, especially in learning foreign intonation. In this paper, we used the PitchWorks to visualize some French intonation samples and experiment on learning intonation based on the bitmap picture projected on a screen. The students could see the melody curve while listening to the sentences. We could observe great achievement on the part of the students in learning intonations, as verified by the result of this experiment. The students were much more motivated in learning and showed greater improvement in recognizing intonation contour than just learning by hearing. But lack of animation in the bitmap file could make the experiment nothing but a boring pattern practices. It would be better if we can use a sound analyser, as like for instance a PitchWorks, which is designed to analyse the pitch, since the students can actually see their own fluctuating intonation visualized on the screen.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.191-195
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to analyze the phonetic features for disguised voice. In this paper we examined the features such as phonation types, pitch range, speech rate, intonation type and boundary tones etc. So the result of the analysis is as follows. : $\circled1$ Phonation types are very important manner of disguised voice for male subjects. $\circled2$ Pitch range and average of pitch value is very important cue for speaker verification. $\circled3$ pitch contour, speech rate and boundary tones can be a secondary cue for speaker verification.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-144
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• 2003

The purpose of this acoustic experimental study was to investigate interrelation between prosodic features of Korean spoken language and those of Korean folk songs. The words of Changbutaryoung were spoken for analysis of spoken language by three female graduate students and the song was sung for musical features by three Kyunggi Minyo singers. Pitch contours were analyzed from sound spectrogram made by Pitch Works. Results showed that special musical voices (breaking, tinkling, vibrating, etc.) and tunes (rising, falling, level, etc) of folk song were discovered at the same place where accents of spoken language came. It appeared that, even though the patterns of pitch contour were different from each other, there was positive interrelation between prosodic features of Korean spoken language and those of Korean folk songs.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.119-122
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• 2004

G.723.1은 저 전송률 환경에서 고 음질을 제공하여 주고 있으나 CELP형 부호화기가 갖는 합성에 의한 분석(Analysis by Synthesis)방식의 구조로 인해 많은 처리 시간과 계산량을 요구하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 G.723.1에 대해 NAMDF함수를 적용하여 델타 피치 검색과정의 계산량을 줄여 부호화기의 전체 계산량을 감소시키는 방법을 제안하였다. 기존의 피치 검출 알고리즘에서 피치 검출을 위해 사용하고 있는 자기상관함수는 곱셈 연산에서 발생하는 bit의 dynamic range가 커서 나눗셈 연산에서도 과도한 연산량을 필요로 한다. 따라서, 이러한 계산량의 감소를 위해 기존의 자기상관함수 대신 계산량을 감소하기 위하여 NAMDF 방법을 적용하였고 추가된 skipping 기법을 사용하였다. 계산량 감소율 측면에서는 약 $64\%$의 감소율을 보였고 기존의 방법과 제안한 방법간의 피치 pitch contour은 원음성의 피치 contour와 유사하였고, 음질 평가에서도 기존의 G.723.1 부호화기 합성음과 유사한 길과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the prosodic pattern of the children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder(HFASD) according to sentence type. The participants were 18 children aged from 7 - 9 years; 9 children with HFASD and 9 typical development children(TD) of the same chronological age with HFASD children. Sentence reading tasks were conducted in this study. Seven interrogative sentences and 7 declarative sentences were presented to the participants and were asked to read the sentences three times. Mean values of F0, F0 range, intensity, speech rate and pitch contour were measured for each sentence. The results showed that for F0 range, significant main effect and interaction effect were observed in the subject group and sentence type. There were significant differences in intensity, mean F0, speech rate, pitch contour across sentence types. The results of this study indicated that HFASD showed no difference in intonation across sentence types. Speakers' intention may have a negative effect on pragmatic aspects. These results suggest that the assessment and intervention of prosody be important for HFASD.