• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.497-502
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• 2008

The essential oil from the cones of Pinus koraiensis was prepared after removing the seeds, and its chemical composition analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydrodistillation of the P. koraiensis cones yielded 1.07% (v/w) of essential oil, which was almost three times the amount of essential oil extracted from the needles of the same plant. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of the oil against the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi were evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method and broth microdilution method. Eighty-seven components, comprising about 96.8% of the total oil, were identified. The most abundant oil components were limonene (27.90%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (23.89%), ${\beta}$-pinene (12.02%), 3-carene(4.95%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (4.53%), isolongifolene (3.35%), (-)-bornyl acetate (2.02%), caryophyllene (1.71%), and camphene (1.54%). The essential oil was confirmed to have significant antimicrobial activities, especially against pathogenic fungal strains such as Candida glabrata YFCC 062 and Cryptococcus neoformans B 42419. Therefore, the present results indicate that the essential oil from the cones of Pinus koraiensis can be used in various ways as a nontoxic and environmentally friendly disinfectant.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.253-256
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• 1999

The influence of essential oils from aboriginal softwoods as Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera on the motor coordination, pulse, mean blood artery pressure and pain reducing test was investigated in mice and rats. The motor coordination of mouse was not induced by the inhalation of each oil. Furthermore, these oils did not alter the changes of the mean blood pressure and pulse rate. Chamaecyparis pisifera trand to reduce the mean blood pressure. The abdominal pain induced by acetic acid was reduced only by an essential oil from Pinus koraiensis in mouse.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2014

The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extracted from Pinus koraiensis seed against pathogens related to acne. The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation method. The chemical compositions of essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS. Alpha-pinene (29.87%), D-limonene (19.26%), betapinene (11.19%), beta-myrcene (3.84%), n-hexadecanoi acid (3.2%), beta-caryphyllene (2.72%), and cyclohexene (2.17%) were main components. This essential oil had antimicrobial activities against Malasseizia furfur, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2002

The essential oil free needles, which were left after distillation of essential oil from various coniferous needles, were fermented with food waste organics in order to use as compost and roughage. Microorganisms for the fermentation were selected from domestic sources such as swine compost, bark compost, and kimchi, etc, and consisted of aerothermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. The weight reduction ratio of food waste organics treated with the microorganisms was 90% after 30 days treatment, and the fermentation temperature was kept at approximately $45^{\circ}C$. The compost process was really slow due to chemical compounds derived from needles, and it finally took 60 days for complete compost. When 10% of needle compost was mixed with soil for radish growth, the growth indicators such as leaf length and root weight were increased compared with control, while root weight, root width, and root length were inhibited on the addition of 20% needle compost. The nutrient value and digestibility ratio of various essential oil free needles as roughage for ruminant animals were evaluated. The ratio of crude protein for essential oil free needles from Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was 10.02%, which was higher than those of rice straw(5.48%) and corn(9.00%). The digestibility ratios of essential oil free needles from Sawara cypress(Chamaecwaris pislfera), Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis), and Japanese Red Pine(Pinus densiflora) was 53%, 34%, 34%, respectively, indicating that those essential oil free needles were considered as excellent roughage.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.275-285
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• 1993

To study allelopathic porential of naturally occurring substances emitted from Pinus koraiensis, the effects of water exrracts and volatile substances of the tree on callus induction and bacterial culture were examined. The induction and growth of callus were inversely proportional to the concentration of the extracts and of the essential oils supplemnted to Murashige and Skoog's media. However, low concentration(5μl/l) of essential oil promoted callus growth. In germiculture of several bavteria, the extracts of Pinus koraiensis markedly showed the inhibitory effects on bacterial growth. It was, therefore, confirmed that the KDICical substances of Pinus koraiensis tree clearly showed that biological toxic activity at high concentrations.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2009

The chemical compositions, and antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils extracted from three coniferous species, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa, were investigated. Gas chromatography mass analysis of the essential oils revealed that the major components and the percentage of each essential oil were 16.66% $\beta$-phellandrene and 14.85% $\alpha$-pinene in P. densiflora; 31.45% kaur-16-ene and 11.06% sabinene in C. japonica; and 18.75% bicyclo [2,2,1] heptan-2-ol and 17.41% 2-carene in Ch. obtusa. The antimicrobial assay by agar disc diffusion method showed that $2.2{\mu}g$ of Ch. obtusa oil inhibited most effectively the growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 33312 and Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 10031, whereas the C. japonica oil gave weak antimicrobial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values for bacterial strains were in the range of 5.45-21.8 mg/ml depending on essential oils, but most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant even at 21.8 mg oil/ml. P. densiflora oil showed the most effective antifungal activity and the MIC values for Cryptococcus neoformans B42419 and Candida glabrata YFCC 062CCM 11658 were as low as 0.545 and 2.18 mg/ml, respectively. Cryp. neoformans B42419 was the most sensitive to all essential oils in the range of 0.545-2.18 mg/ml. Our data clearly showed that the essential oils from the three conifers had effective antimicrobial activity, especially against fungi.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.77-83
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• 2005

The specific gravity of wood treated with the essential oil penetration was higher than that of untreated wood. However, in case of oven-dried wood the difference of treated and untreated products decreased, compared with air-dried wood. The shrinkage of treated wood showed no consistent trend and the difference was trivial. In addition, similar trend was shown in each direction. Compression strength parallel to grain of treated wood was somewhat higher than that of untreated wood and the difference was trivial. The difference in static bending strength was slight and showed no consistent trend. The stage of check for Pinus koraiensis and Populus tomentiglandulosa and Alnus hirsuta was 2 stage and 3 stage, respectively. Deformation stage with no relation to the essential oil treatment was 1 stage for Pinus koraiensis, 2 stage Populus tomentiglandulosa and 3 stage for Ainus hirsuta, respectively, and there was no difference in essential oil penetration.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

This study is an experiment to evaluate the anti-atopy efficacy of five kinds of natural plant essential oils; Artemisia annua L. (AA), Citrus junos Sieb. ex TANAKA (CJ), Chrysanthemum boreale Makino (CB), Pinus koraiensis (PK), and Pinus densiflora for. erecta (PD). Through Agar diffusion test, five species of native plant essential oils were treated in a total of four strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. In order to invest the anti-inflammatory effect, five kinds of natural plant essential oils were treated in HaCaT cells-induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ (TI). AA, CJ, CB, PK and PD showed antibacterial effects on Candida albicans at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. We also found that the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) expression was suppressed in 0.1 ㎍/mL of PK, 1 ㎍/mL of AA, CB, and PK. macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) expression was suppressed in 1 ㎍/mL of AA and PK. IL-6 expression was suppressed in 0.1, 1 ㎍/mL of AA, PK in HaCaT cells. Hence it suggests that AA, CB, and PK have the anti-inflammatory effects, and it could contribute to atopic dermatitis relief by reducing the infiltration of immune cells to inflamed area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2002

The essential oils were extracted from the needles of several softwood tree species, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera to investigate their biological activities. The antifungal activity by hyphal growth inhibition method was determined by three wood rot fungi, one mouldous fungi, and three tree pathogenic fungi and the antibacterial activity by paper disc method and turbidiometric method by three gram positive bacteria and one gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, were also tested. Antifungal activity was the best in the essential oil from C. obtusa, and the following was resulted in order of P. densiflora and P. koraiensis. The essential oil from P. densiflora showed higher antifungal activity against wood rot fungi than that from P. koraiensis while the result was contrary against tree pathogenic fungi. However, the antibacterial activity was the best in the essential oil from P. densiflora, and the following was in order of C. obtusa and P. koraiensis. From these results, the variation of biological activity seemed to be due to the chemical composition of essential oils.