• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate spatial distribution pattern and spatial association of crowns (${\geq}10m$ of height) and saplings (<10 m of height and ${\geq}2cm$ of DBH) for four major tree species (Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono, and Tilia amurensis) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest of Xiaoxing'an Mts. Vegetation data were collected in the 9 ha permanent sample plot, and the analysis adopted the point pattern analysis method. Main results are as follows; 1) crowns and saplings of major species showed clumped distribution pattern in small scale, became random distribution as the scale was increased. 2) Saplings of Pinus koraiensis performed poor regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis; Saplings of Abies nephrolepis did good regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis; and crowns of Acer mono and Tilia amurensis had little effect on the distribution of saplings of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis. Saplings of Acer mono and Tilia amurensis made good regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis; and the crowns of Acer mono and Abies nephrolepis had little effect on the distribution of saplings of Acer mono.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

In this study, we carried out the emissions analysis of CO and $non-CO_2$ for the age-classes of various pine trees(Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus thunbergii Parl.) to estimate of emission factors of the crown layer and surface layer in the forest fire. We used the thermal characteristic analyzer cone heater and NDIR analyzer in order to measure amount of emission. As a result, the major emissions of Pinus koraiensis were $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ and that of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was only CO. The major emissions of the most of pine trees were NO and $N_2O$. The $CO_2$ emission of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was the highest about as $7.26{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}1.63{\times}10^{-1}g$ and next came Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida Mill.. And the CO emission of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was about $5.14{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.58{\times}10^{-3}g$ and followed by Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida Mill.. The emissions of $CH_4$, NO, and $N_2O$ showed small differences between species and the emission of $CH_4$ was $8.37{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}2.55{\times}10^{-4}g$, and NO was $6.65{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-4}g$ and $N_2O$ was $1.42{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}2.09{\times}10^{-3}g$ in all species. Particularly, the emission of Pinus thunbergii Parl. was the highest in all pine trees except $CH_4$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1995

The terpenoids are one of the secondary metabolities in Pinus species and functioned the protection them from insects or/and fungus etc. Since Pinus koraiensis has not any damage by Pine needle gall midge but Pinus densiflora has great injury by them in South Korea. It may great helf to find these reasons to analize their monoterpenenoids and to compare the seasonal variation of their amounts. Terpenoids were analized by GC, GC/MS. Some biogenetic analysis of terpenoids also was elucidated. The seasonal variation of terpenoid was distinguished at March and August and/or September. Most of major component of monoterpenes were increased or decreased in these periods in Pinus koraiensis. Especially 3-carene was showed significant variation between the period of physiological activity and the period of domain. The effect of infection by Pine needle gall midge was significant in Pinus densiflora for amount of monoterpene during the period of infection. The components of p-menthane series between Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis was recognized a significant difference during the experiment. Biogenetic cooccurrance of pmenthane series also was recognized between 3-carene and terpinolene in Pinus koraiensis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2009

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), a five-needle pine, has recently been suffering pine wilt disease caused by non-native pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Three-year-old Korean pine seedlings were inoculated with 10,000 pathogenic nematodes in a greenhouse to investigate disease development, water content and the density of nematodes in stems. Needle dehydration, xylem drying and pith browning started 20 days after inoculation (DAI). There were significant differences between seedlings inoculated with nematodes and control seedlings in the relative water content of stems and leaves at 20 and 30 DAI. At 60 DAI, all remaining seedlings inoculated with nematodes had died, but control seedlings all remained alive. The average number of nematodes recovered from stems of Korean pine dramatically increased from 10 to 20 DAI, and then decreased at the end of the experiment at 60 days. This study suggests that the relative water content of stems and leaves in current-year branches could be used as a useful physiological indicator for early diagnosis of pine wilt disease.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, pine trees have been used as medicines for Taeyangin and a pine-nuts tree for Taeumin. However, there has been some misunderstandings in interpretation as the Koreans referred to back(栢) as pine-nuts tree as well as cheukback(측백) tree. Also, we have disputed over how to translate songback(松栢). Regarding this dispute, 1 came to the following conclusion based on a research with exactitude. 1. Songja (松子), Songjain(松子仁), Songsil(松實) means Pinus Koraiensis(잣), not a pine .one. 2. Backja(栢子) is a fruit of Cheukback(측백) tree, not of a pinus koraiensis(잣). 3. Some part of 'yulsunjun(列仙傳)' quoted to explain pine-nuts in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目) was misrepresented. 4. In regard to the record that a court lady of Chin(秦) Dynasty lived for bundle of years, Galhong(葛洪) made a mistake by saying that she took pine needles and a Pinus Koraiensis in 'Pobakja(抱朴子)', while saying that she took pine needles and leaves of Cheukback(측백) tree in 'Joohoobigeupbang(　後備急方). Also He made a mistake by saying that took pine needles and leaves of cheukback(측백) tree in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目). 5. Songback(松栢), which was referred to in the Analects of Confucius(論語) and the historical annals(史記), should be understood as an old pine tree with a hard quality of the lumber and evergreen, .rather than 'a pine tree and a pine-nuts tree' or 'a pine tree and Cheukback(측백) tree'. 6. Although 'Songback(松栢) mentioned in a book on medicine were sometimes considered as 'a pine-nuts tree' and 'Cheukback(측백) tree' or 'a pine tree and .Cheukback(측백) tree,' it should be regarded as an old pine tree in most cases.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1994

The essential oils of leaves and resins from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis were analyzed to identify their components. After each retention times of 45 known terpenoids were dertermined with a fixed analytical condition by GC the essential oil compounds of leaves and resins were identified by comparing their retention times with the retention times of known standards. To confirm these results the essential oil components of leaves from P. koraiensis were analized by 2 different GC/MS. According to these results, 36 terpenoids in essential oils of leaves from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis were identified and 15 terpenoids and 22 terpenoids were identified from P. koraiensis resin and P. densiflora resin, respectively. The major components which are more than 2% of total amaunt of volatile components were as follows: 1. The major terpenoids of leaves from red pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, D-limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, myrcene, terpinolene, ${\alpha}$-terpineol. 2. The major terpenoids of leaves from korean pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, myrcene, D-limonene, 3-carene, terpinolene, bornyl acetate, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, borneol, ${\delta}$-cardinene. 3. The major terpenoids of resin from red pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, linalool, linalyl acetate. 4. The major terpenoids of resin from korean pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, D-limonene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, phytol.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the pit structure of four kind of pine wood species grown in Korea. Torus diameter, margo width, margo lattice size, diameter of pit aperture and pit border width were taken under consideration for explaining the pit structure difference among Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi. Torus diameter was found highest in Pinus rigida and the lowest in Pinus densiflora. Margo lattice size varied with torus diameter. Wider torus lowered the margo lattice size. Highest margo width was found in Pinus rigida while the lowest one was found in Pinus koraiensis. Pit aperture diameter was found highest in Pinus densiflora and lowest in Pinus koraiensis. In Pinus rigida, pit border was found the highest and the lowest was found in Larix kaempferi. Pit aperture diameter and pit border were increased gradually from pith to bark while there was a decreasing trend in the margo lattice size measuring from the pith to bark.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

이 시험 연구는 울폐된 천연활엽수림 내에 수하식재한 2-2 잣나무 묘목의 생육 성적을 평가하기 위하여 실시되었다. 식재 후 7년 동안의 생존률과 생장율에 대하여 상층 임관의 효과가 평가되었다. 7년생 잣나무 치수의 활착율은 약 80%로 조사되었으며, 평균 수고는 0.9m, 최소치는 0.3m, 최고치는 2.1m로 측정되었고, 평균 근원경은 1.7cm, 최소치는 l.4cm, 최고치는 3.5cm로 조사되었다. 개벌 후, 인공 조림한 잣나무의 생육 상황과 비교해 볼 때, 이 시험에서 수하식재된 잣나무 치수의 생육 상황은 공한지 인공 조림목에 비해서 매우 열등하여, 수고는 약 30%, 직경은 약 20%에도 미치지 못하는 것으로 파악되었다. 내음성이 있는 잣나무 치수라 할지라도 정상 생육하기에 상층의 울폐도가 너무 높다고 판단된다. 잣나무의 정상적인 생장과 발달을 위해서는 천연림 보육 작업에 준하는 벌채를 통하여 우량 활엽수를 잔존시키면서 50% 이상의 상층 임관을 열어 주어 광선 조건을 개선시켜야 할 것이다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

To know the structural difference between the ray parenchyma and ray tracheid among Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi, an observation was carried out under the FE-SEM. The longest ray parenchyma and ray tracheid were found in Pinus koraiensis species while the shortest ray tracheid and ray parenchyma were found in Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi. Larix kaempferi had more than one endwall pit in its ray parenchyma. Pinus densiflora was found highest in the pit aperture diameter in ray tracheid and aperture diameter in the cross-field pit. The pit border width in ray tracheid and lumen diameter of ray parenchyma were found highest in Pinus rigida. The cell wall thickness of ray parenchyma and pit aperture diameter in endwall pit of ray tracheid were found highest in Pinus koraiensis compared to other species.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제74권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 1986

대다수의 잣나무가 잣을 수확(收穫)하는 과정에서 수간(樹幹) 정단부(頂端部)의 인위적인 손상으로 말미암아 전형적인 잣나무 수형(樹型)을 잃게되는 점에 착안하여, 정상적으로 생육한 낙엽송과 비교하여 임본(林木) 제형질(諸形質)들의 관계를 조사 연구하였다. 동령급(同齡 級)의 두 수종(樹種)을 비교한 결과, 잣나무는 원단부(原端部)의 절단(切斷)으로 인하여 정상적인 수고생장(樹高生長)을 못하고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 또한 심하게 분간(分幹)되거나 굴곡된 수간(樹幹)은 이용재적(利用材積) 값을 낮추는 결과를 초래하여 본재생산(木材生産)의 측면에서는 바람직한 수형(樹型)을 갖지 못하고 있었다. 그러나 잣을 수확(收穫)할 수 있고 용재(用材)를 생산할 수 있는 잣나무의 특성을 감안하여, 조림투자(造林投資)에 대한 회수율(回收率)을 최대화하기 위한 잣나무 식재림(植栽材)에 대한 경영적(經營的) 대안(代案)을 제시하였다.