• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.290-290
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed staple food crop which is energy source as carbohydrate and also is considered as the important antioxidant sources including various phenolic compounds. According to the increasing demand of healthy life, the concern to antioxidant also is increasing because of its health-promoting effect. Phenolic compounds are one of the plant secondary metabolites class, which shows various benefits to preventing or treating chronic diseases. In this study, we have measured the total phenol content from total 647 rice samples using the Floin-Ciocalteau method, and then were selected 30 rice genetic resources classified with high, middle, and low group on the basis of total phenol content. The average of the total phenol content of each group was high-group ($6892.9{\pm}488.5{\mu}g\;GAE/g$) > middle-group ($1428.1{\pm}76.0{\mu}g\;GAE/g$) > low-group ($97.6{\pm}11.4{\mu}g\;GAE/g$). The selected rice samples were analyzed with LC-MS/MS to find the composition and concentration of individual phenolic in rice grain. High-group and middle-group contained large amounts of protocatechuic acid and (+)-catechin whereas low-group showed limited amount. Among high-group samples, rice samples with black pericarp color (IT 174089, IT 220079, and IT 259958) had high content of peonidin-3-O-glucoside. Further, these black rice samples were special since polydatin, rarely found stilbenoid in rice grain, was detected. Overall, both the sum of phenolic acid and the sum of flavonoid were high-group > middle-group > low-group. Also, each group exhibited different phenolic compositions; high-group consisted of flavonoid more than phenolic acid, middle-group and low-group was comprised of phenolic acid rather than flavonoid, and non-pigmented rice was composed by fully phenolic acid. The total phenol content had positive relationships with the sum of phenolic compound (r = 0.64), the sum of flavonoid (r = 0.74) at the significance level of p < 0.0001. In addition, protocatechuic acid and quercetin showed positive correlation with above phenolic composition parameters; in order, r = 0.98, 0.65 for protocatechuic acid and r = 0.73, 0.78 for quercetin (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the total phenol content assay showed the possibility of utilization as a phenolic composition indicator in rice grain. Also, this result was suggested study pigment on other material.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6541-6548
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• 2013

Pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple, and contains a variety of flavones, tannin, polyphenols, sterols, tocopherols, ${\gamma}$-oryzanols, amino acids, and essential oils. The present study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of purple rice extracts (PREs) combined with chemotherapeutic drugs on human cancer cells and mechanisms of cell death. Methanolic (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of three cultivars of purple rice in Thailand: Doisaket (DSK), Nan and Payao (PYO), were tested and compared with white rice (KK6). Cytotoxicity was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, prostate cancer LNCaP and murine normal fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. MeOH-PYO-PRE was the most cytotoxic and inhibited HepG2 cell growth more than that of LNCaP cells but was not toxic to NIH3T3 cells. When PREs were combined with paclitaxel or vinblastine, they showed additive cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and LNCaP cells, except for MeOH-PYO-PRE which showed synergistic effects on HepG2 cells when combined with vinblastine. MeOH-PYO-PRE plus vinblastine induced HepG2 cell apoptosis with loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) but no ROS production. MeOH-PYO-PRE-treated HepG2 cells underwent apoptosis via caspase-9 and-3 activation. The level of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol was highest in DCM-PYO-PRE (44.17 mg/g) whereas anthocyanin content was high in MeOH-PYO-PRE (5.80 mg/g). In conclusion, methanolic Payao purple rice extract was mostly toxic to human HepG2 cells and synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of vinblastine. Human HepG2 cell apoptosis induced by MeOH-PYO-PRE and vinblastine was mediated through a mitochondrial pathway.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 2013

Daeripjami, a novel black rice variety developed by conventional breeding has high contents of Cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) and a more strong antioxidant than normal black rice. This study aimed at informing ordinary people of the superiority of Daeripjami, a variety of rice proven to be superb physiologically and valuable as natural coloring, and making it popular by examing the physicochemical features of the rice. Recently, an increasing number of people in modern society are suffering from various adult diseases and atopic diseases. Therefore, in order to resolve the problem by making people consume more C3G, the main coloring contained in functional rice Daeripjami. The general components of Daeripjami, Superjami, Heugjinju and Ilpum were compared, As for water content, Ilpum took first place, followed by Heugjinju, Daeripjami and Superjami, As for crude protein and fat content, Heugjinju was highest, followed by Daeripjami, Superjami and Ilpum. This indicated that Daeripjami likely has better cooking qualities than Heugjinju. Amylose content turned out to be related with the volume, stickness and retrogradation of cook rice. As Heugjinju contained more amylose than Daeripjami, the latter was expected to have better eating quality than the former. The 1000 grain weight of daeripjami was 1.67 times heavier than that of Heugjinju. The C3G content of Daeripjami is 3.49 times higher compared with that of Heugjinju. As for total polyphenol and electron donating ability, Daeripjami was high in physiological functionality.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.789-796
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• 2012

This study attempted to investigate the characteristics of Superjami, which had a high C3G (cyandin-3-glucoside) content by comparing it with common rice (Ilpum) and black rice (Heougjinju, Suwon 415) for their components and physio-chemical characteristics. There were no significant differences in the water content, however there were significant differences in crude protein and crude fat in the order of Ilpum < Superjami < Heougjinju. As for the morphological characteristics of grains, it had been learned that Superjami was heavier and longer than the common rice, moreover Superjami had bigger seeds. As for the hardness of grains, the longer the time of steeping, the more decreased their hardness was at large. In the case of color, they showed significant differences in all the L, a, and b values of grains and flours. As a result of the experiment of pigment elution after steeping of the rice flours at $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, the longer the time steeping, the more increased the pigment elution became. The values are bigger with Heougjinju and Superjami than with Ilpum. As for the elution pH after rice steeping, the longer the time of steeping, the lower pH all the assays tended to have. As a result of the analysis of the total polyphenol contents of Ilpum, Heougjinju, and Superjami, it had turned out that the total polyphenol contents of Heougjinju and Superjami are 1.2 times as high as Ilpum, a common rice, and that Superjami is significantly higher than Heougjinju. As a result of the experiment of DPPH radical scavenging ability, there are significant differences among the assays in the order of Superjami > Heougjinju > Ilpum. Futher, it has turned out that Superjami has a higher DPPH radical scavenging ability than Heougjinju. Consequently, it can be stated that Superjami has a strong anti-oxidative ability. Thus, we should more precisely grasp the cooking characteristics of Superjami, which is in the state of brown rice, via comparing it with a common brown rice, and also provide opportunities to apply Superjamii to more foods by studying its starch characteristics in addition to its grain and flour properties.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.600-605
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• 2011

'Boseogheugchal', a new black pericarp glutinous rice cultivar (Oriza sativa L.), was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea during the period from 1997 to 2008 and released in 2008. It was derived from a cross between SR18638-B-B-B-18-2/ Heugmi H31. The maturity of this cultivar is about 135 days from seedling to heading. This cultivar has about 12 tillers per hill and 94 spikelet numbers per panicle. Ripening ratio is about 72% and 1000 grain weight is 21.6 g in brown rice. This new variety shows grain shattering resistance and susceptible for blast, bacterial leaf blight and stripe virus. 'Boseogheugchal' has glutinous endosperm and low protein contents. It has higher anthocyanin content compared to black pigmented check cultivar 'Hegjinjubyeo'. The yield performance of brown rice was 4.82 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. 'Boseogheugchal' is adaptable to central plain area of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.262-266
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• 2010

'Josaengheugchal', a new blackish purple pigmented glutinous japonica rice cultivar, was developed by the rice breeding team of Department of Functional Crop, NICS, RDA in 2004. This cultivar was derived from a cross between 'Tohoku 149' as black glutinous source and 'Sx 864' as purple colored rice in 1992 and 1993 winter season, and selected by pedigree breeding method until $F_6$ generation. As a result, a promising line, YR15907-6-8-1-5, was advanced and designated as the name of 'Milyang 194' in 2001. The local adaptability test of 'Milyang 194' was carried out at seven locations from 2002 to 2004 and it was named as 'Josaengheugchal'. 'Josaengheugchal' is an early maturing cultivar and has 71 cm culm height. It has higher anthocyanian content compared with 'Heugnambyeo'. It is moderately resistant to leaf blast but susceptible to other disease and insect pests. The yield potential of 'Josaengheugchal' in brown rice was about 4.21 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level in local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to the plain paddy field of middle, Honam, and Yeomgnam in Korea under ordinary and double cropping system.