• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.483-495
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• 2010

The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) was a species of pigeon that was once the most common bird in North America. According to some ornithologists, the number of passenger pigeons is estimated as many as five to six billions at the time when the first Europeans arrived there. But this species became extinct in 1914. There were a multiplicity of causes in the extinction; first, the extension of telegraph lines and railroads into the Middle West of the USA beginning in 1850s, second, the loss of vast feeding, nesting, and roosting sites of the passenger pigeon due to the massive deforestation, third, the rapid population growth of the USA during nineteen century, fourth, the commercial exploitation of the species, and finally, the infirm and weak protective efforts. Some important lessons can be learned from the extinction of the passenger pigeon. First, it shows how much critical the public interest is for a successful conservational movement. Second, it illustrates the need for strong laws and practices in the protection of an endangered species from going extinct. Third, the fate of the passenger pigeon proves a very important principle in conservational biology. That is, for each species (bird or other animal) there is a minimum population to sustain the species. Ecologists generally believe that the extinction of the passenger pigeon was due to the loss of their numbers below the minimum owing to overexploitation.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.469-472
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• 2005

Seventy-two pigeon dropping samples were collected from 26 different localities in Seoul and investigated for the occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Seventeen samples from 8 different localities were found to be positive for C. neoformans. All isolates were obtained from withered pigeon droppings. Identification and serotyping of the isolates were determined by means of serological testing and DNA fingerprinting. All isolates belonged to C. neoformans var. grubbi (serotype A).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.549-558
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• 1992

The study on the potential use of pigeon pea (PP) as a ruminant feed was carried out with sheep in 3 experiments. Digestibility of dry pigeon pea leaves (PPL) and pigeon pea seeds (PPS) determined by differential and regression methods respectively, with rice straw (RS) as a basal diet, revealed that PPS contained higher nutritive value and palatability than PPL. On dry matter (DM) basis, PPL and PPS contained 19.8 and 20.0% CP, 7.3 and 2.3% EE, 6.0 and 4.4% ash, 61.1 and 51.7% NDF, and 29.4 and 17.5% ADF, respectively. The trypsin inhibitor activity in the seed was 3 times of that in the leaves (19.5 vs 7.0 mg TIA/g DM). The digestibility of PPL and PPS were 50.2 and 72.2% in DM, 52.7 and 73.3% in OM, 51.0 and 65.1% in CP respectively. DM intake as well as the digestibility of most nutrients increased with the increasing level of PPS. Digestible energy (DE), Total digestible nutrient (TDN) and N-balance of sheep fed solely PPS, estimated by regression method, was 3.2 kcal/g, 71.1% and 6.3 g/d respectively. Pigeon pea seeds can be well used to substitute soybean meal in concentrate rations for ruminants or directly supplemented to low quality roughages.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.162-165
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• 2003

Three hundred and sixty five samples of avian droppings, collected from parks and zoo, were investigated for the occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans in Korea. Thirteen samples were positive for C. neoformans. All isolates were obtained from withered pigeon droppings. Identification and serotyping of isolates were determined by means of serological test and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) fingerprinting. All isolates belonged to C. neoformans var. grubbi(serotype A).

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.147-148
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• 2009

In this paper, we describe a telemetry stimulation system that controls animal-robots. In our system, we send the main control command from PC to the controller embedded in the pigeon based animal-robots. Once the controller receives the control signal, it makes biphasic stimulation pulses to medial forebrain bundle neurons to control the pigeon behavior as we want. We design the embedded controller using CUBLOC, which is lightweight for attaching on the pigeon.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2000

The testis is an extremely heterogeneous organ, containing numerous compartments types. Morphometric studies were performed of 3 avian species (pigeon, pheasant and chicken) to determine volume density absolute volume, numerical density, total number of serminiferous tubule components, and sperm production, especially those related to the Sertoli cell, and to make comparisons among the species. Volume density of seminiferous tubule components per testis was determined by point counting method. Testis volume and sperm production were measured by routine techniques. Numerical density (the number of cells per unit volume of testis) of seminiferous tubule components per testis was determined by morphometry (Floderus method). The volume density of seminiferous tubules per testis was 91.58, 92.18 and 94.21% in pigeon, pheasant, and chicken, respectively. The volume density of spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon, and Sertoli cell did not produce significant changes in the three species. The absolute volume of spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, and Sertoli cell showed significant changes in the three species (p<0.05). The average volume of Sertoli cell ranged from 758.34(pheasant) to 1,212.9 ㎛$^3$(chicken) and was not significantoy different in the three species(p>0.05). The number of Sertoli cells per testis showed significant differences in the three species : 34.52 $\times$10(sup)6, 186.82$\times$10(sup)6, 810.62$\times$10(sup)6 in pigeon, pheasant, and chicken, respectively(p<0.05). The sperm production was significantly different in the three species : 3,018$\times$10(sup)6, 993.9$\times$10(sup)6, and 8.9$\times$10(sup)6 in chicken, pheasant, and pigeon, respectively(p<0.05). These results suggest that number of Sertoli cells may be more important than Sertoli cell size in explaining the difference in sperm production among the three species.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2017

Purpose: High energy requirement and long cooking time are limiting consumption of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), a nutritious food. This study was performed to estimate energy and time demand by different methods of cooking pigeon pea. Methods: Pigeon pea (150 g) was soaked in 2.0 L of water at ambient temperature ($29{\pm} 2^{\circ}C$) to determine hydration behavior. Cooking experiments were conducted using aluminum and pressure-cooking pots. Efficiency of cooking was evaluated using four types of cooking appliances (kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electric, and charcoal stoves). Normal (continuous heating until the food was satisfactorily cooked) and control (controlling the energy input to closely match the actual energy required) cooking were conducted. Energy requirement and duration of cooking were determined using standard procedures. Results: Soaking increased moisture content from 11.99 to 30.01% in 90 min, while water absorption rate decreased with soaking duration. In cooking 150 g of pigeon pea using kerosene stove, presoaked normal pressure-pot cooking method consumed the least energy (10 800 kJ) and time (205 min), while unsoaked normal cooking consumed the highest energy (18 450 kJ) and time (336 min). Using LPG stove, unsoaked normal cooking method required the highest energy (52 470 kJ), while presoaked control pressure-pot required the least energy (14 405 kJ). For electric stove, the lowest energy (15 560 kJ) and shortest duration (105 min) were recorded during control cooking of presoaked sample in the pressure-pot. Conclusions: Control cooking was not practicable using charcoal stove. Generally, kerosene stove consumed the least energy, while electric stove was found to have the shortest duration of cooking.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.99-121
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• 2004

Using Keller's customer-based brand equity framework, we attempt to understand and analyze marketing efforts that Pigeon has made to build the most valuable brand in the fabric softner marketing over the last 25 years. Our analysis revealed that first, Pigeon has developed and executed its brand system, brand elements, and marketing programs in a consistent and complementary way. Second, Pigeon's dedication to R&D as well as to customer needs has enabled it to offer a series of successful products with high quality and great value. Third, Pigeon has made good use of both scientific and intuitive approaches in the strategic management process. Lastly, the power leadership of the top management and its emphasis on personnel made a significant contribution to the success of Pigeon.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.50-56
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• 1969

The present investigation involves a comparative study of enzymatic activities in various animals. The levels of the liver protein of rat (22.0$\pm$0.01mg/ml and pigeon (22.0$\pm$ 0.16) are twice as high as that of crucian carp (13.0$\pm$ 0.09)(p < 0.01). Generally, the specific acitivity (3.77 $\pm$0.18 unit/mg) of rat glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) is highest, pigeon intermediate (1.93 $\pm$0.01), and crucian carp lowest (0.71$\pm$0.07). On the other hand, the specific activity (8.23$\pm$0.09 unit/mg)of rat glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) is highest, pigeon intermediate (3.95$\pm$0.09), and crucian carp lowest (0.92$\pm$0.01) (p < 0.01). Ratios of GOT activity to GPT activity appear no remarkable difference from the levels of various animals. Specific activity of glutamic dehydrogenase(GDH) in pigeon tissue exceeds those of rat and crucian carp. In liver, rat GOT specific activity is greater than crucian carp and pigeon. On the other hand, pigeon GDH specific activity is greater than those of rat and crucian carp. This wouls seem to be in accord with protein metabolic intensity. The patterns for GDH isozyme were remarkably appeared in various animals. Glutamic dehydrogenase isozymes gave different electrophoretic mobilities in various animals. It is interesting that crucian carp, pigeon, and rat would show this difference, which may be indicative of an evolutional pattern. The fact that livers in various animals show quite different enzyme activities would suggest the existence of such a general phylogenetic relationship.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study attempted to examine the loving pigeon culture practiced in traditional gardens and to illuminate the aspect of pigeons as a landscape animal material. In order to understand the culture of enjoying old garden through pigeons, the contents were analyzed for the translated version of the old literatures and paintings. Pigeons have been used as Jeonseo-gu(傳書鳩) and also for medicinal purposes and food. Pigeons have various symbolic meanings such as abundance, hospitality, and longevity. From the Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty, pigeons were raised in the palace and private garden. In the late Joseon Dynasty, temporary trend of ornamental pigeon culture occurred. Pigeons were synesthesia materials that enriched the forest. Various beautiful pigeons created a variable landscape of the primeval forest as a moving landscape material. The bell sounds that appear differently depending on the pigeon's movement led to a rich auditory experience of the landscape. The pigeon house was an ornamental element that enriched the old garden along with the pigeon. The owners of garden were involved in gardening through the act of buying a pigeon house and placing it in the garden or making a pigeon house themselves. In addition, the writers planted plum trees, peach trees, apricot trees, and hawthorn trees as a symbol of spring and a source of food for pigeons, and expressed them in poems and paintings. This study has a limitation in that the translation of the old text was used as an analysis data. The follow-up studies on specific cases of raising pigeons in the old garden, in modern and contemporary landscape spaces are urged.