• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 1999

Pig's original image data was transformed to a binary image, an image excluding head and tail portion from the whole binary image, and a projected image associated with pig's height. Then the length of body, width of shoulder, and area of pig were calculated and the relationships among the above characteristics and pig's weight were analyzed. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. Whole binary image data was considered to be improper to determine the pig's weight because the movement of pig's head and tail portion affected the image data. 2. Binary image data excluding head and tail portion from the whole binary image showed a better estimation of the pig's weight than the whole binary image. 3. Pig's should width was analyzed to be improper factor to determine the pig's weight. 4. The projected image associated with pig's height showed the highest correlation between the pig's area of the image and pig's weight(R2=0.9965). From this research the projected image associated with pig's height, which is excluding head and tail portion from the whole body of pig's image, was considered to be the prime factor to measure the pig's weight by the noncontact measurement.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.153-157
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• 1993

연구배경 : 폐농양의 환자들중 1주일이상 항생제와 고식요법에 반응하지 않으며 수술 또한 용이하지 않은 환자들을 대상으로 pig-tail 도관을 이용한 경피적 배농 치료를 하였다. 방법 : 형광투시하에 국소마취후 6~10Fr.의 pig-tail 도관을 삽입하여 엑스-선상 공동이 소실되고 도관을 통한 농이 배출이 안될 때 도관을 제거하였다. 결과: 1) Pig-tail 도관을 이용한 경피적 배농 직후 모든 환자에서 엑스-선상 공기-수평선은 소실되었으며 시술후 3일 이내에 체온도 정상화되었다. 2) 폐농양의 경피적 배농에 따른 임상적으로 유의있는 합병증은 없었다. 3) 폐농양의 평균 크기는 $5.2{\times}6.4$ cm이며 배출된 옹의 양은 4~200ml로 다양하였다. 4) 1명의 환자에서 경피적 배농후 16일째 심한 폐출혈로 사망하였는데 출혈의 원인은 기저의 폐결핵, 폐농양 혹은 시술과 연관있는지 확실하지 않았다. 결론 : 경피적 배농은 내과적인 치료에 잘 반응하지 않거나 수술이 용이하지 않거나 술후 재활에 장애가 있을 것으로 사료되는 폐농양 환자에게 별 어려움없이 시행할 수 있는 치료 방법이다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.571-578
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• 1996

배 경 : 폐 농양은 괴사된 폐실질에 농이 고이는 질환으로 1940년대 이전까지는 폐 농양은 체외 배액술에 의한 방법이 치료 원칙이었으나 피 이후 파양한 항생제의 발달로 대부분의 폐 농양에서는 항생제와 체위적 배농술을 포함한 내과적 치료법이 매우 효과적으로 이용되어 왔고 내과적 치료에 실패한 경우에 한해서 폐엽 절제를 포함한 외과적 치료 방법이 적용되어 왔다. 농흉은 흉막강내에 농이 고이는 질환으로 흉수 그람 염색상 양성이어야 하고 약제의 효과적인 침투가 어려우므로 내과적인 치료만으로 치유를 기대할 수 없고 흉관삽관 등 수술적인 조작이 필요하다. 하지만 최근 환자의 전신상태가 불량하거나 외과적 폐절제술이 용이하지 않는 경우에 국소 마취로 직경이 작은 카테타를 사용하여 경피적으로 배농시켜 치료하는 방법을 시행하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한양대학병원에 내원한 폐 농양 10례와 농흉 23례의 환자를 대상으로 pig-tail 도관 배액술을 시행하였기에 이에 대한 치료 효과를 보고하는 바이다. 대상 및 방법 : 1990년 1월 1일부터 1996년 5월 20일까지 한양대학병원에서 입원 치료한 환자중에서 pig-tail 도관을 이용하여 치료한 폐 농양 환자 10례와 농흉 환자 23례를 대상으로 하였고 각 환자들은 도관 배액술 전에 단순 흉부 X-선사진과 흉부 전산화 단층촬영을 하였고 형광 투시 또는 초음파 유도하에서 천자를 시행하였다. 천자후 카테타는 배액이 잘 되는 위치에서 피부에 고정되어었고 매일 배액량을 관찰한 후 3-4일 간격으로 단순 흉부 X-선사진을 검사하여 폐 농양의 크기나 농흉의 크기가 줄고 임상적 호전이 있으면서 배농량이 하루 5ml이하일때 도관을 제거하였다. 결 과 : 원인균은 폐 농양에서는 Staphylococcus aureus aureus 1례, Klebsiella pneumoniae 1례였으며 농흉에서는 결핵균이 14례로 가장 많았고 2례에서는 Streptococcus pneumoniae 였고 나머지에서는 균의 성장을 관찰할 수 없었다. 카테타의 삽입기간은 폐농양에서는 1-2주 사이가 7례(70%)였으며 농흉에서도 1-2주 사이가 14례(60.8%)로 가장 많았다. 경피적 배농은 29례(87.8%)에서 성공적이었으며 그 중 20례(60.6%)에서는 그 크기가 빠르게 감소되었다. 결 론 : 폐 농양과 농흉에서 pig-tail도관을 통한 배농은 항생제 요법과 보조 요법에 반응하지 않는 경우와 외과적인 수술의 어려움이 있는 환자들에서 비교적 안전하게 선택할 수 있는 효과적인 치료 방법으로 생각된다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.448-448
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• 2000

This paper deals with dynamic behaviour analysis for pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) flow control in natural gas pipeline. The dynamic behaviour of the PIG is depending on the different Pressure between the rear and nose parts, which is generated by injected gas flow behind PIG's tail and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. To analyze the dynamic behaviour characteristics such as gas flow in pipeline, and the PIG's position and velocity, mathematical model is derived as two types of a nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equation for unsteady flow analysis of the PIG driving and expelled gas, and nonhomogeneous differential equation for dynamic analysis of PIG. The nonlinear equation is solved by method of characteristics (MOC) with the regular rectangular grid under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The Runge-Kuta method is used when we solve the steady flow equations to get initial flow values and the dynamic equation of PIG. The gas upstream and downstream of PIG are divided into a number of elements of equal length. The sampling time and distance are chosen under Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) restriction. The simulation is performed with a pipeline segment in the Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) low pressure system, Ueijungboo-Sangye line. The simulation results show us that the derived mathematical model and the proposed computational scheme are effective for estimating the position and velocity of PIG with different operational conditions of pipeline.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1165-1173
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• 2001

This paper deals with dynamic analysis of Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) flow control in natural gas pipelines. The dynamic behaviour of PIG depends on the pressure differential generated by injected gas flow behind the tail of the PIG and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. To analyze dynamic behaviour characteristics (e.g. gas flow, the PIG position and velocity) mathematical models are derived. Tow types of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations are developed for unsteady flow analysis of the PIG driving and expelled gas. Also, a non-homogeneous differential equation for dynamic analysis of the PIG is given. The nonlinear equations are solved by method of characteristics (MOC) with a regular rectangular grid under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. Runge-Kutta method is used for solving the steady flow equations to get the initial flow values and for solving the dynamic equation of the PIG. The upstream and downstream regions are divided into a number of elements of equal length. The sampling time and distance are chosen under Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) restriction. Simulation is performed with a pipeline segment in the Korea gas corporation (KOGAS) low pressure system. Ueijungboo-Sangye line. The simulation results show that the derived mathematical models and the proposed computational scheme are effective for estimating the position and velocity of the PIG with a given operational condition of pipeline.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.241-246
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• 2001

This paper introduces modeling and solution for the dynamics of pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) flow in natural gas pipeline. Without of bypass flow, the dynamic behavior of the PIG depends on the different pressure between the rear and nose parts, which is generated by injected gas flow behind the tail of the PIG and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. With bypass flow, the PIG dynamics also depends on the amount of bypass flow across its body. The mathematical model are derived for unsteady compressible flow of the PIG driving and expelled gas, and for dynamics of the PIG. The bypass flow is assumed to be incompressible with the condition of its Mach number smaller than 0.45. The method of characteristic (MOC) and the Runge-Kutta method are used to solve the system governing equations. The simulation is performed with a pipeline segment in the Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) low pressure system, Ueijungboo-Sangye line. The simulation results show that the derived mathematical model and the proposed solution are effective for estimation the dynamics of the PIG with and without bypass flow under given operational condition.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2000

A automated noncontact weight system for pigs consisted of a CCD-type video camera and 10 photo sensors connected to a computer. In the experiment 20 pigs(Large Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace breed) weighing from 95kg to 115kg were used. Pig's original image data was transformed to a binary image an image excluding head and tail portion from the whole binary image and the area of pig was calculated. Then pig's volume was calculated by multiplying the area by the body hight measured with photo sensors. The correlation equation between the above volume(x) and pig's weight was y=0.0007 x -9.2152($R^2$=0.9965) Performance of a automated noncontact weighing system for pigs was tested with this equation. The results showed $\pm$0.65kg average error and 1.63kg maximum error. It was concluded that performance of a automated noncontact weighing system is excellent.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1349-1357
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• 2003

This paper deals with verification of the theoretical model for dynamic behavior of Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) traveling through high pressure natural gas pipeline. The dynamic behavior of the PIG depends on the differential pressure across its body. This differential pressure is generated by injected gas flow behind the tail of the PIG and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. To analyze the dynamic behavior characteristics such as gas flow in pipeline, and the PIG position and velocity, not only the mathematical models are derived, but also the theoretical models must be certified by actual pigging experiment. But there is not any found results of research on the experimental certification for dynamic behavior of the PIG. The reason is why the fabrication of the PIG as well as, a field application are very difficult. In this research, the effectiveness of the introduced solution using the method of characteristics (MOC) was certified through field application. In-line inspection tool, 30" geometry PIG, was fabricated and actual pigging was carried out at the pipeline segment in Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) high pressure system, Incheon LT (LNG Terminal) -Namdong GS (Governor Station) line. Pigging is fulfilled successfully. Comparison of simulation results with experimental results show that the derived mathematical models and the proposed computational schemes are effective for predicting the position and velocity of the PIG with a given operational conditions of pipeline.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2003

Rococo, which is represented as immoderate pleasure and luxurious aristocratism, had required to be liberal and unconventional in art and life, and the hairstyles were also much more fantastic, huge, and splendid than ever. Women's hairstyles in the early 18th century were the relatively simple style of Pompadour style that didn't inflate hairs and combed them backward. Then, as changes in haristyles began to appear in around 1760, the styles became gradually higher and huger, and very queer styles also appeared. In the 1780s, they ornamented these hairdos by using various things. This can be considered as women's behaviors that showed off their status and wealth instead of their husbands. Although men's hairstyles were not as huge and decorative as women's, wigs were worn frequently. Wigs became smaller and simpler than those in 17C, and while wearing them, they made wigs whitened by spraying hair-powders enough not to recognize their ages. Several names such as Pig tail, Ramilleis, Bag wig, Brigadiere, and so on existed, according to the way to tie the wigs. Somewhat exaggerated men's hairstyles were shown by Macaronis in 1780s. However, this can be regarded to reflect the situation of the age.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was the analysis of sperm ability in Specific Pathogen Free (SPE) miniature pig for production of bio-organ. The collected semen was diluted with extender and stored at $17^{\circ}C$t for up to 7 days. The semen samples were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage for analysis of sperm ability. Sperm ability was evaluated by examining viability, progressive motility, sperm abnormality and intensity of the sperm membrane. Also, the semen was processed according to the convenient freezing method, and frozen-thawed sperm was evaluated by examining viability, capacitation and acrosome reaction using chlortetracycline (CTC) staining. Motility of spermatozoa of SPF miniature pig was significantly (P<0.05) lower on 3 days or later compared to the Duroc, Yorkshire and Landrace in domestic boar. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa of Landrace were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in SPF miniature pig, Duroc and Yorkshire that had a similar percentage on 5 or 7 days of sperm storage. The percentage of spermatozoa with coiled tail decreased during the storage period but there were no significant difference. On the other hand, viability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa had a significantly (P<0.05) lower in SPF miniature pig than in other domestic boars. CTC patterns had no significant difference, but SPF miniature pig had higher percentage of capacitated spermatozoa and lower percentage of acrosome-reacted it than domestic boars. Therefore, this study suggest that it is necessary to develop the suitable extender and freezing methods methods for the high viable rate and fertilizing ability in vitro.