• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.548-574
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• 2009

Personal information (hereinafter referred to as "PI") infringement has recently emerged as a serious social problem in Korea. PI infringement in the public and private sector is common. There were 182,666 cases of PI in 2,624 public organizations during the last three years. Online infringement cases have increased. PI leakage causes moral and economic damage and is an impediment to public confidence in public organizations seeking to manage e-government and maintain open and aboveboard administration. Thus, it is an important matter. Most cases of PI leakage result from unsatisfactory management of security, errors in home page design and insufficient system protection management. Protection management, such as encryption or management of access logs should be reinforced urgently. However, it is difficult to comprehend the scope of practical technology management satisfied legislation and regulations. Substantial protective countermeasures, such as access control, certification, log management and encryption need to be established. It is hard to deal with the massive leakage of PI and its security management. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the conditions for the technical protection measures during the processing phase of PI. In addition, we classified the standard control items of protective measures suited to public circumstances. Therefore, this study provides a standard and checklist by which staff in public organizations can protect PI via technical management activities appropriate to laws and ordinances. In addition, this can lead to more detailed and clearer instructions on how to carry out technical protection measures and to evaluate the current status.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.404-408
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• 2006

This paper presents an anti-windup gain selection method for a complex vector synchronous frame PI current controller. The complex vector PI current controller is more robust to the parameter variation than the state feedback decoupling PI current controller. The complex vector PI current controller also includes an integral term, which can results in windup problem when the controller is saturated due to physical limitation of the system. Furthermore, even an anti-windup is utilized, inappropriate gain can deteriorate the performance of the current controller. Therefore, appropriate anti-windup gain selection method for a complex vector current controller has been proposed based on the mathematical description of the current control system. The superior performance of the current control system with the proposed anti-windup gain has been verified by the experimental results.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 2010

Early nematode development and subcellular responses in resistant soybean lines PI 88788 and PI 437654 infected with races 3 (R3) and 14 (R14) of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, were compared. SCN R14 nematodes penetrated and developed significantly more than R3 at 5-6 days after inoculation. Both races also penetrated and developed more in PI 88788 than in PI 437654. Syncytia, characterized by cell wall dissolution and cellular hypertrophy, were developed more in PI 88788 than in PI 437654 and more by R14 than R3, for which less necrotic responses occurred in the former than the latter. This suggests that the latter two may be more resistant and less virulent than the former two, respectively. A common structural feature found in each of PI 437654 and PI 88788 in relation to SCN-resistance was the formation of prominent cell wall appositions and nuclear degeneration prior to cytoplasmic degradation in syncytial cells, respectively. Necrosis and cell wall apposition are types of hypersensitive responses occurring at early stages of the nematode infection so that these structural modifications indicate the inhibition of initial syncytial development related to the early nematode development. As soybean cultivars and lines with identical or similar genotypes have the same types of structural features related to SCN-resistance, the structural modifications induced by SCN infection may result from the expression of inheritable resistance genes, of which the information can be used for breeding soybean cultivars and lines specifically resistant to SCN races.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.695-701
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• 2013

Opisthorchis viverrini infection causes inflammation and liver injury leading to periductal fibrosis. Little is known about the pathological alterations in bile canaliculi in opisthorchiasis. This study aimed to investigate bile canalicular alterations in O. viverrini-infected hamsters and to examine the chemopreventive effects of curcumin on such changes. Hamsters were infected with O. viverrini and one group of animals was fed with 1% dietary curcumin supplement. Animals were examined during the acute infection phase, days 21 and 30 post-infection (PI) and chronic infection phase (day 90 PI). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that in the infected group fed with a normal diet, bile canaliculi became slightly tortuous by 30 day PI and more tortuous at day 90 PI. Transmission electron microscopy showed a reduction in microvilli density of canaliculi starting at day 30 PI, with a marked loss of microvilli at day 90 PI. These ultrastructral changes were slightly seen at day 21 PI, which was similar to that found in infected animals fed with 1% curcumin-supplemented diet. Notably, curcumin treatment prevented the reduction of microvilli density, reduced the dilation of bile canaliculi, and decreased the tortuosity of the bile canaliculi relative to non-infected animals on a normal diet at days 30 and 90 PI. These results suggest that curcumin reduces alteration of bile canaliculi and may be a promising agent to prevent the onset of bile duct abnormalities induced by O. viverrini infection.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2000

M2PI is an active single chain mini-proinsulin with a 9-residue linker containing the turn-forming sequence 'YPGDV' between the B- and A-chains, but which retains about 50% of native insulin receptor binding activity. The refolding efficiency of M2PI is higher than proinsulin by 20-40% at alkaline pH, and native insulin is generated by the enzymatic conversion of M2PI. The solution structure of M2PI was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The global structure of M2PI is similar to that of native insulin, but the flexible linker between the B- and A-chains perturbed the N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain. The helix in the N-terminal A-chain is partly perturbed and the ${\beta}$-turn in the B-chain is disrupted in M2PI. However, the linker between the two chains was completely disordered indicating that the designed turn was not formed under the experimental conditions (20% acetic acid). Considering the fact that an insulin analogue, directly cross-linked between the C-terminus of the B-chain and the N-terminus of the A-chain, has negligible binding activity, a flexible linker between the two chains is sufficient to keep binding activity of M2PI, but the perturbed secondary structures are detrimental to receptor binding.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2001

The Serratia marcescens metalloprotease inhibitor (SmaPI) is a proteinase inhibitor toward Serratia marcescens metalloprotease (SMP). The three-dimensional structure of SmaPI was calculated by computer modeling using the structure complex between SMP and the Erwinia chrysanthemi inhibitor as a template. Based on this model structure, the substitution of the amino acid residues, Ala4, Leu-5, Pro-6, and Thr-7, were located at the hinge region of the N-terminal segment by site-directed mutagenesis. Although the A4R and T7A mutant SmaPIs showed a nearly full inhibitory activity, the inhibitory activity of SmaPI decreased significantly when the Leu-5 was converted to Ala, Gly, Ile, or Val. Surprisingly, the L5I and L5V mutant SmaPIs showed less inhibitory activities than the L5A mutant. From these results, we suggested that the orientations and positions of respective aliphatic groups in the side-chain of position 5 mainly affected the inhibitory activity of SmaPI. The overall side-chain hydrophobicity was only slightly affected. The side-chain of the Leu-5 residue contributed approximately 0.79 kcal/mol out of 8.44 kcal/mol to the binding of SmaPI with SMP The inhibitory activities of P6A and F6G were also severely decreased. The Pro-6 may have a critical role in maintaining the strict conformation of the N-terminal portion that may be important in the inhibitory activity of SmaPI. In conclusion, Leu-5 and Pro-6 have crucial roles in the inhibitory function of SmaPI toward SMP.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.495-500
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• 2010

Crosslinked PI films were synthesized from 4,4'-(hexafluoro isopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and bis[4-(3-aminophenoxy) phenyl] sulfone(BAPS) with various ratios of the reactive monomer cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride(CDBA). We prepared crosslinked poly(amic acid) (PAA) using a 0.1 wt% Grubbs catalyst as a crosslinking agent. The crosslinked PAA was heat-treated at different temperatures to give PI films. The thermo-mechanical properties and optical transparency of the PI films were investigated. The thermal properties of the PI films were examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), thermo-mechanical analysis(TMA), and universal tensile machine(UTM), and their optical transparencies were investigated using UV-vis. spectrophotometry. The thermomechanical properties of the PI films improved with increasing CDBA content. However, the optical transparency of the PI films decreased slightly with increasing CDBA content.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10463-10468
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• 2015

Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) infection is the major etiological factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), especially in northeast Thailand. We have previously reported significant involvement of PI3K/AKT/PTEN and $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin in human CCA tissues. The present study, therefore, examined the expression and activation of PI3K/AKT/PTEN and $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling components during Ov-induced cholangiocarcinogenesis in a hamster animal model. Hamsters were divided into two groups; non-treated and Ov plus NDMA treated. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed an upregulation of PI3K/AKT signaling as determined by elevated expression of the $p85{\alpha}$-regulatory and $p110{\alpha}$-catalytic subunits of PI3K as well as increased expression and activation of AKT during cholangiocarcinogenesis. Interestingly, the staining intensity of activated AKT (p-AKT) increased in the apical regions of the bile ducts and strong staining was detected where the liver fluke resides. Moreover, PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K/AKT, was suppressed by decreased expression and increased phosphorylation during cholangiocarcinogenesis. We also detected upregulation of $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling as determined by increased positive staining of Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt5a, Wnt7b and ${\beta}$-catenin, corresponded with the period of cholangiocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, nuclear staining of ${\beta}$-catenin was observed in CCA tissues. Our results suggest the liver fluke infection causes chronic inflammatory conditions which lead to upregulation of the PI3K/AKT and $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling pathways which may drive CCA carcinogenesis. These results provide useful information for drug development, prevention and treatment of CCA.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.602-611
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• 2004

Servo system has commonly adapted PI controller with fixed gains, because of its simplicity and determinative relationship among the parameters. The fixed gains PI system may be applied well to some operation conditions, but not non-linearities, complex and time variant operation conditions. For solving these problems, another conventional method, 'variable gun schedule according to speed', is published. The value of gain is determined according to the absolute value of the mover real speed. In this paper, FSTPIC(Fuzzy Self-Tuning PI Controller) is proposed based on various experiences to rapidly reduce speed error and to secure a good speed response characteristics. The effectiveness of proposed algorithms is demonstrated by comparing to two conventional gain systems via 4-quadrant operation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1980

In this paper, we studied what the drug name of Sang-Baik-Pi(桑白皮) Mori Cortex Radicis) is, how to collect it; and how the chief symptoms had changed in the chinese medical references and herbological literatures and formularies. Also we bibliographically analyzed in the herbological way the drugs combinated with Sang-Baik-Pi and their active principles among the prescriptions in the famous medical book; 'Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam', (東醫寶鑑) of our country. Finally, we concluded as foolow. Numerous names of botainical origin were described, but it was not recorded that San-Keun-Baik-Pi(桑根白皮) in old days is different from root bark of Morus sp. in this times. Sang-Baik-Pi has been a common designation since Ming dynasty (AD 1500). Collections of it were independent of seasons, it could effect perfectly over 10 years old. And its cork layer should be removed after collections, it was especially emphacised that root bark on ground was poisonous. The chiefly cured symptoms with Sang-Baik-Pi were constantly not different from the contents of 'Shin-Nong-Bon-Chau-Kyung'(神農本草經) in ancient times, but it has been developed since Ming dynasty. Its uses are widely extended to a surgical and dermatologic desease; rheumatis, beriberi and diabetes in this times. and its efficacies depend upon curing. Prescriptions on Sang-Baik-Pi that were prescribed in 'Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam' are there, 177 drugs combinated with it. Glycyrrhizae Radix is most frequently combinated with Sang-Baik-Pi(frequently 68%). It is proved that Armeniacae Semen, Platycodi Radix etc, in the order take strong effects on anti-tussive, anti-phlogistic, diuretic, anti-pyretic etc. It is expressed 34 times, frequently, that a dose is 3.75g, and it shows that a usual doses is 2-4g. As the above prescriptions are classified, the results is as follows, respiratory tract desease is most frequently in 69 prescriptions, the next gastrointestinal tract 13 times, diuretic 12 times, and antipyretic 11 times. Therefore, Sang-Baik-Pi contains a good remedial value chiefly of the effects upon the respiratory diseases.