• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2013

Objective : To investigate the sagittal sacropelvic morphology and balance of the patients with SIJ pain following lumbar fusion. Methods : Among 452 patients who underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion between June 2009 and January 2013, patients with postoperative SIJ pain, being responded to SIJ block were enrolled. For a control group, patients matched for sex, age group, the number of fused level and fusion to sacrum were randomly selected. Patients were assessed radiologic parameters including lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) and sacral slope (SS). To evaluate the sagittal sacropelvic morphology and balance, the ratio of PT/PI, SS/PI and PT/SS were analyzed. Results : A total of 28 patients with SIJ pain and 56 patients without SIJ pain were assessed. Postoperatively, SIJ pain group showed significantly greater PT (p=0.02) than non-SIJ pain group. Postoperatively, PT/PI and SS/PI in SIJ pain group was significantly greater and smaller than those in non-SIJ pain group respectively (p=0.03, 0.02, respectively) except for PT/SS (p=0.05). SIJ pain group did not show significant postoperative changes of PT/PI and SS/PI (p=0.09 and 0.08, respectively) while non-SIJ pain group showed significantly decrease of PT/PI (p=0.00) and increase of SS/PI (p=0.00). Conclusion : This study presents different sagittal sacropelvic morphology and balance between the patients with/without SIJ pain following lumbar fusion surgery. The patients with SIJ pain showed retroversed pelvis and vertical sacrum while the patients without SIJ pain have similar morphologic features with asymptomatic populations in the literature.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-20
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• 1998

In this paper, the traditional curriculum model for engineering education, called simple hierarchical model, is critically reviewed and the problems of this curriculum model are discussed. Then a new curriculum model for engineering education is proposed to overcome the problems of simple hierarchical model and to provide an innovative education for engineering students. This new curriculum model for engineering education, called $\Pi$-structure, consists of the General Attainments Program, the Fundamental Major Program, and the Advanced Major Program, with the three components stacked in $\Pi$ shape where the first two programs are put in parallel and the third program are put on their top. The necessity, feasibility and various benefits of the $\Pi$-structured education system are widely discussed in the paper.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.331-336
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in sagittal spinopelvic alignment between lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (DSPL) and degenerative spinal stenosis (DSS). Methods : Seventy patients with DSPL and 72 patients with DSS who were treated with lumbar interbody fusion surgery were included in this study. The following spinopelvic parameters were measured on whole spine lateral radiographs in a standing position : pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis angle (LL), L4-S1 segmental lumbar angle (SLL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), and sagittal vertical axis from the C7 plumb line (SVA). Two groups were subdivided by SVA value, respectively. Normal SVA subgroup and positive SVA subgroup were divided as SVA value (<50 mm and ${\geq}50mm$). Spinopelvic parameters/PI ratios were assessed and compared between the groups. Results : The PI of DSPL was significantly greater than that of DSS (p=0.000). The SVA of DSPL was significantly greater than that of DSS (p=0.001). In sub-group analysis between the positive (34.3%) and normal SVA (65.7%), there were significant differences in LL/PI and SLL/PI (p<0.05) in the DSPL group. In sub-group analysis between the positive (12.5%) and normal SVA (87.5%), there were significant differences in PT/PI, SS/PI, LL/PI and SLL/PI ratios (p<0.05) in the DSS group. Conclusion : Patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis have the propensity for sagittal imbalance and higher pelvic incidence compared with those with degenerative spinal stenosis. Sagittal imbalance in patients with DSPL is significantly correlated with the loss of lumbar lordosis, especially loss of segmental lumbar lordosis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 1995

Post emergence herbicidal activities$(pI_{50})$ of X-substituted phenylvinylsulfone derivatives(S) in-vivo against rice(Oryza sativa L.), Barnyard grass(Echinochloa crus-galli) and Pickerelweed(Monochoria vaginalis Presl) were measured by the pot test under paddy conditions. The (S) showed herbicidal symptom rapidly with lower activity(average $pI_{50}=2.0$) as proherbicide, which was excellent tolerance to rice. The structure activity relationships(SAR) were analyzed using such a physicochemical parameters as hydrophobic$({\pi})$ and molecular orbital(MO) quantity by the multiple regression technique, and discussed with quantum pharmacology. The herbicidal activities were related to the hydrophobic$({\pi})$ effect of X-substituent and orbital(HOMO & LUMO) energy. In case of Pickerelweed, the effect was rationalized by parabolic function of ${\pi}$ constant, where the optimal value of ${\pi}$ was 1.10. An increase in hydrophobicity and negative orbital energy by the electron attracting X-substituent may contribute to the herbicidal activity. Based on results proposed from SAR analysis, the mode of herbicidal action could be assumed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.33-42
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• 2010

The induction motor drive applied to field oriented control is widely used in industry applications. However, it is deceased performance and authenticity by saturation, temperature changing, disturbance and parameters changing because modeling of induction motor is nonlinear and complex. In order to control variable speed operation, conventional PI-like controllers are commonly used. These controllers provide limited good performance over a wide range of operation, even under ideal field oriented conditions. This paper proposes self tuning PI controller based on fuzzy-neural network(FNN)-PI controller that is implemented using fuzzy control, neural network, and adaptive fuzzy controller(AFC). Also, this paper proposes estimation of speed using ANN. The proposed control algorithm is applied to induction motor drive system using FNN-PI, AFC and ANN controller. Also, this paper proposes the anlysis results to verify the effectiveness of controller.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

Three serotypes (O+A+Asia1 type) of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were injected into cloven-hoofed animals in Korea after the nationwide spread of FMD at the end of 2010. This study was conducted to investigate FMD antibody development after FMD vaccination, and to determine whether there was a significant correlation between the antibody titer of the sow and the antibody titer of the growing pigs. The antibody titer (percentage inhibition [PI] titer) of the sow (gilt) after FMD vaccination was maintained at a level higher than 50 (P<0.05) for 5 months. A higher PI titer for the 1-month-old growing pigs corresponded with greater inhibition of the PI titer of the vaccinated growing pigs (P<0.05). A negative correlation (P<0.05) between the PI titer of the 1-month-old growing pigs and the PI titer of 3-month-old growing pigs, 4-month-old growing pigs after FMD vaccination at 2 months, 3months was identified, with a coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.274. Thus the PI titer of the growing pigs was inhibited to a greater degree when vaccination was performed at 2 months of age than at 3 months. However, many other factors likely influence growing pigs' PI titer in addition to the PI titer of the sow and age at vaccination, given that the coefficient of determination was somewhat lower.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2007

Typical susceptible symptoms of the bacterial pustule disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines are pustule and chlorotic haloes that usually occur in leaves of Glycine max plants. The soybean genotype 'PI96188' showed an atypical response to all tested races X. axonopodis pv. glycines, accompanied with necrosis without chlorotic haloes on the underside of the necrotic symptoms. X. axonopodis pv. glycines 8ra grew to levels from 10 to 100 fold lower on PI96188 than on susceptible cultivar Jinjoo1, but 10-fold higher than on the resistant cultivar CNS. The chlorophyll content in PI96188 leaves remained unchanged until 12 days after bacterial infection. Ultrastructural observation showed that the infected leaf cells of PI96188 had intact normal chloroplasts compared to those of the susceptible cultivar Jinjoo1. Chloroplast degradation or the absence of chloroplasts in cells of the infected tissues was observed in Jinjoo1. Senescence-related ACS7 gene was significantly induced in PI96188 compared to those in Jinjoo1 at 2 days after inoculation. While photosynthesis-related rbcS gene showed the dramatic change in Jinjoo1, this gene was constitutively expressed in PI96188. However, expression of the defense-related genes, such as peroxidase and isoflavone synthase in the infected PI96188 leaves was similar to that in Jinjoo1. Together, these results suggest that the novel necrotic symptom in PI96188 is a kind of resistant response different from a typical hypersensitive response in the resistant genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2002

This experiment was performed to investigate apoptosis during undergoing pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)-infected chicks. Sixteen days old chicks were infected with IBV, Massachusetts-41 strain(M-41, 10$^4$-10$^{5}$ EID$^{50}$ ) experimentally, they were autopsied to remove trachea, lung, kidney and cloacal bursa at 6hr, 12hr, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day post infection(PI) respectively for H-E and TUNEL staining. Grossly, mild serous, catarrhal exudate was observed in the trachea, nasal passages and sinuses nasal from 4 day PI. The cloacal bursa was swollen from 3 day PI. Histopathologically, the trachea was seen mild cellular infiltration, edema of the mucosa and submucosa, vascular congestion and mild hyperplasia of the epithelium from 6 hr PI and the changes were seen a little more severely on 7 day PI. It was observed that the cloacal bursa was getting more and more hyperplasia through the experiment. The nuclei degeneration were shown in the kidney on 7 day PI. No specific changes were seen in the lung. In TUNEL analysis, apoptotic cells showed sharp increasing at 12 hr PI and reaching a maximum on 1 day PI in the trachea, lung, kidney and cloacal bursa. And then apoptotic cells decreased gradually returning to a level of the control by 7 day PI in all the removed organs.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.44 no.2 s.314
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• pp.24-31
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• 2007

This paper presents self tuning PI(STPI) controller of IPMSM drive using neural network. In general, PI controller in computer numerically controlled machine process fixed gain. They may perform well under some operating conditions, but not all. To increase the robustness of fixed gain PI controller, STPI controller proposes a new method based neural network. STPI controller is developed to minimize overshoot, rise time and settling time following sudden parameter changes such as speed, load torque and inertia. Also, this paper is proposed speed control of IPMSM using neural network and estimation of speed using artificial neural network(ANN) controller. The back propagation neural network technique is used to provide a real time adaptive estimation of the motor speed. The results on a speed controller of IPMSM are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed gain tuner. And this controller is better than the fixed gains one in terms of robustness, even under great variations of operating conditions and load disturbance.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 1988

Two forms of extracellular inulinase, designated as PI and PII were detected in the crude enzyme preparation from n species of Pseudomonas isolated from soil. PI and PII were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography, Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-200 gel filteration. Both isoenzymes catalyzed specifically and endowise the cleavage of the $\beta$-2,1-fructofranoside linkage of inulin, and displayed no action upon sucrose, raffinose and levan. The optimal pH values for the PI and PII enzyme were pH 5.5 and 6.0, respectively and the highest activity of the two enzymes was observed at 55$^{\circ}C$. The Km values of PI and PII were calculated to be 2$\times$10$^{-3}$M and 5$\times$10$^{-3}$M, respectively.