• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.599-604
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• 2000

$\beta$-Sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol have been known to the phytosterols the most frequently found in plants. Metabolism of phytosterols was investigated using rat feces and liver microsomes. Feces were collected after phytosterols (a well characterized mixture of $\beta$-sitosterol 40%, campesterol 30% and dihydrobrasicasterol) were administered orally (0.5 ${g/kg$) to rats. Metabolites of phytosterols were identified using GC/MS. Three peaks were eluted at 12.47, 12.65, 12.87 min and had characteristic molecular ions m/z 428, 430, 432, respectively. Three fecal metabolites were identified as androstadienedione, androstenedione, and androstanedione. No metabolites could be detected in the rat liver microsomal reaction mixture. The results suggest that the metabolites of phytosterols in rat feces are formed by oxidation at 3- position, saturation at 5- and 6- position, and 17- side chain cleavage in the rat large intestine.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2003

Soybean phytosterols have been known to have the effect of reducing the amount of cholesterol in blood. We isolated and analyzed soybean phytosterols from soybean scum. The functional mayonnaise was prepared by the addition of the different amounts of soybean phytosterols. To determine the desirable level of soybean phytosterols in mayonnaise, solubility, viscosity, the stability of emulsion and the sensory evaluation were measured. The most desirable level of soybean phytosterols was 0.5% in solubility, viscosity, stability of emulsion and the sensory evaluation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48
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• pp.24-30
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• 2003

Plant fats and oils contain phytosterols as naturally occurring constituents, which are present in pure or esterified form, or conjugated as glycosides. The predominant phytosterol is sitosterol and minor components are campesterol, stigmasterol, $\Delta^7$-avenasterol and brassicasterol. They play a key role in cell membrane function of plants as cholesterol in animals. Phytosterols have been known for many years for their properties for reducing blood cholesterol levels, as well as their other beneficial health effects for cancer preventive biological-active substances. The objective of this paper is to present a description of the recent advances in phytosterols for future research.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.663-672
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• 2013

To characterize the nutraceutical property of Italian millet (Setaria italica) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), ten Korean landraces of each crop were collected and their vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), squalene and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol) contents as well as fatty acid composition in seeds were evaluated. Italian millet seeds exhibited 5 forms of vitamin E isomers: three (${\alpha}$-, ${\gamma}$- and ${\delta}$-) tocopherols and two (${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-) tocotrienols, while sorghum seeds showed only three forms of vitamin E isomers: ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and ${\alpha}$-tocotrienol. In both crops, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was the major constituent of vitamin E in terms of highest quantity. Total vitamin E content in Italian millet and sorghum landraces were 88.3 mg/kg and 44.3 mg/kg, respectively. Among three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol) analyzed, ${\beta}$-sitosterol was the major form comprising about 85% and 65% in Italian millet and sorghum landraces, respectively. Total phytosterols content ranged from 443.0 to 568.5 mg/kg and 442.3 to 719.2 mg/kg in Italian millet and sorghum, respectively. Squalene, a precursor of phytosterols biosynthesis, ranged from 6.8 to 10.2 mg/kg in Italian millet and from 62.2 to 115.2 mg/kg in sorghum. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids in both of the crops and about 80% of the total fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids. Among the tested landraces, M09 and S10 showed relatively higher proportion of phytonutrients, suggesting their potential as a gene source for further breeding program.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.337-340
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the contents of fatty acids and phytosterols in Glehnia littoralis according to habitat areas. In leaves of G. littoralis collected from Yeong-deok, fatty acids contents was higher than that of the other aeras, while there was no difference in contents of roots and seeds according to habitat areas. Average phytosterols contents of 10 habitat areas were $3.8{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ (campestreol) $16.8{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ (stigmasterol) and $3.7{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ ($\beta$-sitosterol), respectively. G. littoralis collected from Uljin showed the highest phytosterols contents than that of the other aeras.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.195-197
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• 2009

To elucidate the composition of phytosterols in the fruit body of Pholiota spp. 6 species(P. adiposa, P. aurivella, P. highlandensis, P. nameko, P. squarrosa and Pholiota sp.) were analyzed with Gas chromatography(GC). Pholiota spp. were contained campesterol, stigmasterol, and $\beta$-sitosterol as the major phytosterols.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 1983

From ether-soluble neutral fraction of the whole plant of Peperomia pellucida (L) HBK (Piperaceae), 4, 7-dimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-1, 3-benzodioxole or apiol, in a liquid state, 2, 4, 5-trime-thoxy styrene, mp 138.deg. and three phytosterols, campesterol, stigmasterol and .betha.-sitosterol, were isolated and characterized by spectral data.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1336-1341
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• 2009

Quantitative changes in functional constituents of waxy corn (Zea mays L.) by 5 different thermal pretreatments, including roasting, steaming, microwave, puffing, and extruding, were determined and compared with those of the raw waxy corn. There were no significant differences in fatty acid compositions among the corn treated with 5 thermal treatments. Levels of $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherols, soluble amino acids, and phytosterols decreased by thermal treatments, while those of p-coumaric and ferulic acids considerably increased by thermal treatments. In particular, the contents of tocopherols and phytosterols, and souble amino acid decreased significant in the steaming and puffing processes, respectively, whereas those of 2 free cinnamic acids increased significantly in the steaming and puffing processes. The extruding process showed smaller quantitative changes in tocopherols, phytosterols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives compared to other heat pretreatments. These results suggest that the extruding process have a positive effect on valuable phytochemicals in waxy corn.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.953-956
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• 2008

Grape seeds have recently been utilized for the production of seed oil. Grape seed oils (GSOs) are generating increasing interest as a functional food product since it has been shown to contain high levels of vitamin E, unsaturated fatty acids, and phytosterols. The objective of this study was to determine the compositions of vitamin E, fatty acids, and phytosterols in commercially available grape seed oils in Korea. Vitamin E was analyzed by HPLC with fluorometric detector and phytosterol and fatty acid composition was analyzed by GC. GSOs contained total vitamin E in the range of 34.6 to 66.1 mg/100 g oil and high levels of tocotrienols. The GSOs are mainly composed of linoleic acid ranging from 60 to 76%. GSOs also contained $77.0{\sim}166.9\;mg$ of phytosterols/100 g oil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2020

Purpose: The rice germ fraction is a better source of protein, lipid, and fiber than the rice endosperm. Furthermore, the rice germ is rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as γ-aminobutyric acid, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytic acid, and so on. In this study, the phytosterol content and antioxidant activity of Keunnunjami germ (KG) or normal rice germ supplement were investigated in healthy adult rats. Methods: In vitro, quantitative assessment of phytosterols, including β-sitosterol, campesterol, cycloartenol, and stigmasterol, was performed. Comparative antioxidant activities of 2 rice germs were measured based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. In vivo, male Spraque-Dawley rats (30-weeks-old) were randomly assigned a diet of normal control (NC, AIN-93M diet), AIN-93M diet supplemented with normal rice germ 3% (NG3), or AIN-93M diet supplemented with KG 3% (KG3) and fed for 8 weeks. Results: KG contained significantly higher campesterol and stigmasterol contents and antioxidant activity than normal rice germ. The KG3 group exhibited significantly lower body weight gain as well as inguinal and total white adipose tissue weights. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance level among the 3 groups. The plasma tumor necrosis factor-α concentration was significantly lower while leptin, advanced oxidation protein products, and interleukin-6 showed downward trends in the KG3 group. In addition, the superoxide dismutase level of the KG3 group was significantly higher compared to the NC and NG3 groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that KG can be considered as a valuable source of phytosterol components. Lastly, KG has strong antioxidant properties and may have potential to ameliorate elevation of proinflammatory cytokine production with age.