• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of vibration on primary (e.g. plasma cortisol), secondary (e.g. plasma glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- and tertiary (e.g. mortality) stress responses in cultured eel, Anguilla japonica. For this purpose, three groups (including one control group and two stress groups) were set up. The control group was made exposed to vibration corresponding to 48 decibel (dB, V) (produced using electric vibrators) for 15 minutes per hour every day, and the two stress groups was made exposed to vibration corresponding to 58 and 68 dB (V) (produced using the same electric vibrators), equally, for 15 minutes per hour every day. Blood was sampled at day 0 (before starting vibration stress tests, BS), and days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 (after starting vibration stress tests). As a result, plasma cortisol showed trend to continuously rise by consecutive stress from 4.1±0.1 ng/ml in BS. In 48 dB group (control), cortisol showed the highest level with 7.6±0.9 ng/ml after 7 days (p<0.05), but at 9 and 11 days was not significantly compared with BS level. In 58 dB group, the cortisol showed the highest level with 43.1±4.8 ng/ml after 1st day. Cortisol of 68 dB group increased significantly during the experimental period (14.4±2.3~32.0±5.7 ng/ml) (p<0.05). In 58, and 68 dB groups during the experimental period differed significantly compared to 48 group (p<0.05). Glucose in 48 dB were increased from 42.0 ±5.7 (BS) to 52.5±2.1 (1 day), the level was not significantly from 1 to 11 days. Glucose in 58 and 68 dB groups was increased significantly than BS during experimental period (p<0.05). K⁺ in 68 dB increased significantly (p<0.05) from 2.3±0.2 mE/ql (BS) to 3.3±0.5 mE/ql at 5 days. In 48 and 58 dB groups during the experimental period differed significantly (p<0.05). Na⁺ and Cl^- levels were not differed significantly during the experimental period. AST and ALT in 58 and 68 dB groups showed trend to continuously rise by consecutive stress. At 7 and 9 days in AST, between 48, 58 and 68 dB groups differed significantly (p<0.05). In 48, 58 and 68 dB groups at 1 day, blood hematocrit increased significantly higher than BS. The 11 days after vibration stress, the mortality in 48, 58 and 68 dB groups was 1.1, 5.1 and 5.8%, respectively. The present results have shown that A. japonica exhibited ''typical'' physiological responses when exposed to chronic vibration stress. These data suggested that chronic vibration stress caused substantial stress in the fish; especially the persisting elevated plasma AST and ALT levels observed would be expected to adverse effect. In conclusion, chronic vibration stress could greatly affects the hematological characteristics in A. japonica.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.101-126
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• 1990

At early Cheong (淸) dynasty, in medical aspect by dependent on practical studying attitude that must found a theory only by an evidence, there had been a tendancy that hoped direct research of sages' mind-eye by escaping the theory of individual classes since Geum-Won (金-元) dynasty. Yoo Chang (喩昌), born in Man-Ryeok (萬曆) 12th year of Myung (明) dynasty (A.D.1583) and dead in Gang-Hee (康熙) 3rd year of Cheong (淸) dynasty (A.D.1664). The results were as follows after studying his practical idea of medicine. 1. Yoo Chang, by recognizing the ${\ll}$Sang-Han-Ro${\gg}$ has lost its true meaning after commented by Wang Hee (王熙), Lim Eog (林億), Seong Moo-I (成無巳), etc. according to Bang Yoo-Jip's (方有執) Chak-Gan-Jung-Jeong (錯簡重訂) theory, he diversified the protocal of ${\ll}$Sang-Han-Ro${\gg}$ 397 method and arranged under Six Meridian part. (六經) 2. The theory of Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip (三綱鼎立) can be summerized Gye-Ji (桂枝) syndrome which is the case of Wind (風) has injured Wi (衛) stage, Ma-hwang (麻黃) syndrome which is the case of Cold (寒) has injured Yeong (榮) stage, Dae-Cheong-Ryong (大靑龍) syndrome which is the case both of Wind-Cold (風寒) has injured Yeong-Wi (榮衛) stage, and there has been Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip theory by anterior medical practitioners already but the person who formally used its Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip term is Yoo Chang. 3. Yoo Chang seized the On Byeng (溫病) by dividing three category and in Byon-Jeung-Si-Chi (辨證施治) he influenced to many aspect of establishment of later Byon-Jeung system On-Byong (溫病의 辨證體系) pertaining to Triple-Warmer by O-Dang (吳瑭) introducing Triple-Wanner Theory. (三焦理論) 4. At Chu-Jo-Ron (秋燥論) of ${\ll}$EUi-Moon-Beop-Ryo${\gg}$, while ${\ll}$Nae-Gyeong${\gg}$ describing if humidity injury Lung, then occur a disorder in it, Yoo Chang recognized that of au tuam when dryness injure Lung there occure a disorder is it so he insisted that at this case, must use Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye method (淸操救肺法) withherbs, pertaing to Gam-Yoo-Ja-Yoon(甘柔滋潤性) property and he invented Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye-Tang. (淸操救肺湯) 5. Yoo Chang', so called, Dae-Gi (大氣) indicates Yang-Gi (陽氣) of chest, he insisted that man's creation and every physiological activity depends on maintainence of Dae-Gi, and it integrate Yeong-Gi (榮氣), Wea-Gi (衛氣), Jong-Gi (宗氣), Jang-Boo-Ji-Gi (臟腑之氣), Gyeong-Rak-Ji-Gi. (經絡之氣) 6. Yoo Chang's expression about partical function and character of stomach, not only bolster its theory of historical physician's expression, that is stomach is. foundatness of postnatal period, but also it has corresponding aspect with modern medicine and clinic. 7. Yoo Chang emphasized "if one cure a disease, be must understood the character of disease first and use drugs later" (先議病 後用藥) phrase about of drug usage, and his theory of Geup-Rew-Man-Joo method (急流挽舟) and three therapy of Simple Ascite (單腹腸) are all unique opinion based upon this phrase mentioned above. 8. Yoo Chang's practical idea of medicine greatly influenced to Jang Ro (張璐), Hwang Won-A (黃元御), Oh Eui-Rak (吳儀洛), Joo Yang-Joon (周揚俊), etc. and theory of Sam-Gang-Jeng-Rip (三綱鼎立), Triple Warmer Theory of On Byong (溫疫의 三焦論治), Chu-Jo-Ron (秋燥論), Dae-Gi-Ron (大氣論) etc. became important object to student of Sang-Han (傷寒) and On-Byeng. (溫病) 9. Yoo Chang's Writings has more practical meaning than other physician's, especially, later the idea of Sang-Han (傷寒) and On-Byong (溫病) greatly contributed to development of Sang-Han theory and formation of On-Byong theory.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.74-100
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• 1989

Inspite of the lots of studies on the harmfulness of cigarette smoking to the body published by many researchers since 1950, cigarette smoking people are increasing in number especially, cigarette smoking by young and women causes a serious problem. Examining the physiological motives of youth shows that, impulse which the youth want to immitate the adults, alluring curiousity, and defiant physiology of escaping from the norm of traditional groups which has been banned are cooperated well compoundly. As the period of the youth is the one which they accumulate knowledge and charactor by learning as well as the period of growth mentally, and physically they should be rightly educated about smoking before they addicted to smoking and it is desirable for us to make the youth to understand how harmfully the smoking is to effect to their growth and mental soundness simply not as a social norm which they should not smoke. The main motive of this study on the attitude of smoking by the youth is to give basic materials related on this field. For this study, 647 questionnaires were used as studying material which were able to analyze among 720 questionnaires of 2 classes of each grade of 3 high schools among the high schools of boys, girls and co-educated in Seoul from Oct. 21, 1988 through Oct. 26, 1988. Study Instrument are graded in Likert's 5 point from 40 questions which are 20 questions m affirmations and 20 questions in negations after analyzing the factors on 60 simple sentence questions which the students showed in preliminary studies. And these are systemized to be measured from 1 point which means they think smoking IS very bad to 5points which means they think smoking is really good. In these collected materials, technical statistics of frequency. percentage, average, standard deviation are used for general character and smoking attitude, $X^2-test$ for examinning Independant variables of physical. emotional, ethical and other areas pearson's coefficient of correlation for related direction and degree" and step­regression analysis for the degree of relative contribution of all variables which effect smoking attitude. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The smoking attitude of high school boys and girls showed average of 1.78 in physical area, 2.63 in emotional area, 2.61 in ethical area, 2.29 in other area respectively in a negative attitude generally also the negative attitude are expressed most strongly in physical area. I've can also say by this results that smoking is harmful to their health and further more it can be judged that this proves the youth in the period of preparation be adults have a strong curiousity in the emotional, ethical and other areas. 2. The most influential variables in each field as related factors effecting smoking attitude of the student can be explained from 13.2 in physical area the lowest experienced variables to 25.2 in emotional area the highest of degree of smoking experience. The fact that the more the smoking experienced students are increasing in number the higher tendency which accept the' smoking tells as the importance of health education about the population of latest student's smoking as important variables shown equally in each area. Those of grade, age, numbers of smoking people in house are showed meaningful in pure interrelation. Those related to the acceptance of teacher's smoking, sex, mothors education are shown meaningful in opposite interrelations. This means that the' increasing number' of smoking people in grade age, the number of smoker in family have a affirmative attitude. And people who are not interested in teacher's smoking wants to quit it, and whose mother's education is higher have a negative attitude. 3. The most negatively answered questions of the smoking attitude In physical, emotional, ethical and other areas are as belows; Firstly too much smoking is harmful to our health is 1.12 point. Secondly smoking have a ill-effect on pregnancy and embryo is 1.13 point. Thirdly smoking is harmful· to our health is 1.27 point. Fourthly smoking in crowed area with the people such as In a bus or subway should be prohibited is 1.27point. Fifthly smoking can ruin lungs is 1.31 point. And the most affirmatively answered questions are also as below; Firstly we showed smoke depending on time and place is 3.96 points. Secondly smoking is just habit is 3.83 points. Thirdly smoking people seem to be unable and deplorable is 3.69 point. Fourthly smoking should be prohibited by law is 3.56 points. Fifthly high school student's smoking is immitation of adults is 3.52 points.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.183-200
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• 1989

1987년(年) 국제(國際) 미작연구소(米作硏究所)(IRRI)에서 벼와 잡초(雜草)의 건물생산(乾物生産) 및 종자(鐘子) 생산특성(生産特性)을 조사(調査)하여 이들 특성(特性)이 환경적응(環境適應) 전략(戰略)과의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위해 벼 2품종(品種)과 논잡초(雜草) 7종(種)을 공시(供試)하여 시험(試驗)하였던 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 환경적응(環境適應) 전략(戰略)은 잡초(雜草)에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, 대체(大體)로 종자생산(鐘子生産) 전략(戰略)이 가장 중요(重要)한 적응(適應) 전략(戰略)이었다. 방동산이 과(科) 잡초(雜草)인 바람하늘직이와 알방동산이는 높은 재생력(再生力)(Ratooning ability))과 낮은 상대개화(相對開花) 건물중(乾物重)(첫 개화시(開花時) 건물중(乾物重)/일생중(一生中) 최대(最大) 건물중(乾物重)${\times}$100))으로 대단(大斷)히 많은 종자(種子)를 효율적(效率的)으로 생산(生産)하였으며, 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草)인 물달개비와 여뀌바늘의 경우 높은 조형력((造形力)(Plasticity))과 낮은 상대개화건물중(相對開花乾物重)(물달개비), 또는 매우 높은 광합성(光合成) 효율(效率)(여뀌바늘)을 통(通)하여 많은 종자(種子)를 효율적(效率的)으로 생산(生産)하였고, 화본과(禾本科) 잡초(雜草)인 피 종류(種類)는 효율적(效率的)인 생장(生長)(순동화율(純同化率), 상대생장율(相對生長率))과 높은 Ratooning ability(Echinochloa glabrescens, 강피일종 및 Echinochloa colona, 돌피 일종) 또는 낮은 상대개화건물중(相對開花乾物重)(E. glabrescens)을 통(通)하여 효율적(效率的)인 종자생산(鐘子生産)을 하였다. 수확지수(收種指數)(Harvest index)는 벼에 비(比)해 잡초(雜草)가 전반적(全般的)으로 낮았고, 재생력(再生力)(Ratooning ability)은 바람하늘직이가 가장 높았고, 다음으로는 알방동산이, E. colona, E. glabrescens 순(順)이였다. 종자생산력(種子生産力)은 알방동산이(주당(株當) 약(約)279,000개(個))와 여뀌바늘(268,000개(個)/주(株)이 가장 높았고, 벼는 가장 낮은 종자생산력(種子生産力)을 보였다(1,300~6,100개(個)/주(株)). 그러나 종자(種子)무게는 종자수(種子數)와는 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 보였다(대수관계식(對數關係式)).

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.109-152
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• 2001

Throughout this paper, I adjusted the study of 'Qian Yi'(錢乙)'s Medical Thought, and the following is the summary. 1. 'Qian Yi' wrote 'Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue'("小兒藥證直訣", edited by 誾季忠), and there were 'Shang Han Lun Zhi Wei'("傷寒論指微"), 'Ying Ru Lun', however those are loss of the record. 2. Qian Yi's 'Zhi Jue'("直訣") was influenced by 'Lu Xin Jing', yet if we compare the quality of 'Sheng Li, Byeng Li, Bang Jae'(生理, 病理, 方劑), 'Lu Xin Jing' cannot be the foundation of 'Zhi Jue'. He took over 'Nei Jing, Shang Han Lun, Jin Gui Yao Lue, Shen Long Ben Cao Jing, Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang'("內經", "傷寒論", "金?要略", "神膿本草經", "太平聖惠方") and put them together to the direct clinical experiences of pediatrics. 3. There is no reference regarding the difficulties of pediatric diagnosis and diseases in 'Huang Di Nei Jing'("黃帝內經") Before 'Bei Song'(北宋), regardless of the lack of data related to pediatric diseases, 'Qian Yi' established the pediatric system in 'Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue' for the first time. 4. In his diagnosis of the pediatric diseases, he 'Si Zhen He Can'(四診合參), also considered in the eye exam seriously. In addition, he closely combined 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng'(五臟辨證), and diagnosis the pediatric diseases. 5. 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng', what Qian established method was based on 'Zheng Ti Guan'(整體觀) in 'Huang Di Nei Jing'. It was based on clinical experiences and established the perspectives of 'Tian Ren Xiang Ying'(天人相應). First of all, he pinpointed 'Zhu Zheng'(主證) clearly. Secondly, he pinpointed the relationships to symptoms and then, he distinguished a generic character of 'Xu, Shi, Han, Re'(虛, 實, 寒, 熱). Finally, he made an induction from genealogical pediatric physiology. 6. 'Qian Yi' took a serious view of 'Ban Zhen'(斑疹), the inadequate field in those days. At that time, he criticized on the habituation of the misuse of medication. He treated separately which 'Ji Jing'(急驚) as 'Liang Xie'(凉瀉) and 'Man Jing'(慢驚) as 'Wen Bu'(溫補). He proposed 'Cong Gan Zhu Feng, Xin Zhu Jing'(從肝主風, 心主驚) theory and formulated 'Jing Feng'(驚風) theory as well. 7. As an opponent of a tendency to misusage of medicine, 'Qian Yi' made out a prescription with pliant medicine. He emphasized on the treatment to 'Gong Bu Shang Zheng, Bu Bu Zhi Xie, Xiao Bu Jian Shi'(攻不傷正, 補不滯邪, 消補兼施) because he had so lucid demonstration to 'Xu Shi Han Re'(虛實寒熱) of the five viscera in the field of 'Bang Yak'(方藥). 8. There were no pediatrics schools at that time, however, the pediatrics was being made up gradually by 'Jin Yuan Si Da Jia'(金元四大家) who was influenced by 'Qian Yi'. He raised an objection to medical treatment using pliant medicine. 'Qian Yi' applied 'Qu Xia'(驅下) treatment using 'Han Liang'(寒凉) medicine. 'Han Liang Pai'(寒凉派) is greatly influenced by Qian. 'Chen Wen Zhong'(陳文中) had a great impact on 'Han Liang Pai' who used a 'Zao Shu Wen Bu'(燥熟溫補) medicine for treatment. Since 'Song Jin'(宋金), he had a tremendous influence on pediatrics treating patients in both 'Han Wen'(寒溫) ways. 9. 'Qian Yi' had an influence on his medical thoughts on future generations, especially to 'Wan Quan'(萬全) of 'Ming Dai', 'Wu Tang'(吳塘) of 'Qing Dai'(淸代) and 'Yun Shu Jie'(?樹珏) of 'Min Guo'(民國). 'Wan Quan' is an advocate of 'You Yu, Bu Zu Zhi Shuo'(有餘, 不足之說)of 'Xiao Er Wu Zang'(小兒五臟) that he revealed Qian's 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng'(五臟辨證). 'Wu Tang' disclosed Qian's 'Xiao Er Ti Zhi Shuo'(小兒體質說) and 'Xiao Er Ke'(小兒科)'s 'Yong Yao Lun'(用藥論), therefore, he uncovered pediatric physiological characteristics through the advocate of Qian's 'Zang Fu Rou Ruo, Ji Gu Nen Qie, Yi Xu Yi Shi, Yi Han Yi Re' (臟腑柔弱, 肌骨嫩怯, 易虛易實, 易寒易熱). 'Yun Shu Jie' developed intrinsic relationships among time, symptom and 'Tian Ren Xiang Ying Guan'(天人相應觀), What 'Qian Yi' stated about them. And also, he developed Qian's 'Di Huang Wan'(地黃丸), 'Xie Qing Wan'(瀉靑丸), 'Yi Huang San'(益黃散) clinical usages as well. 10. Regarding Qian's 'Wu Zang Xu Shi'(五臟虛實), it has an influence on 'Zhang Yuan Su'(張元素)'s 'Zang Fu Bing Ji Bian Zheng'(臟腑病機辨證). 'Di Huang Wan', 'Xie Qing Wan', 'Xie Xin Tang'(瀉心湯), 'Yi Huang San', 'Xie Huang San'(瀉黃散) are the standard prescription of 'Wu Zang Bu Xie'(五臟補瀉). It is under the influence of Qian's treatment. Besides, 'Qian Yi' took a serious view of 'Xiao Er'(小兒)'s 'Pi Wei'(脾胃). 'Qian Yi' had an impact on 'Li Dong Yuan'(李東垣) one of the member of 'Bu Tu Pai'(補土派). 'Di Huang Wan', which placed great importance on 'Bu Yi Shen Yin'(補益腎陰), had a great impact on 'Da Bu Yin Wan'(大補陰丸) and 'Jin Yuan Si Da Jia' as well. 11. In a theory of Qian's 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng', though it had been stated clearly in 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng', but he neglected in 'Liu Fu Bian Zheng'(六腑辨證). In prescription field, The problem with the medicine is that it is either toxic or mineral, therefore, we are not able to use those medicine in a clinical testing at the present time.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2000

대두 단백질의 효소적 가수분해에 의한 분해물의 맛과 향을 개선시킬 수 있는 효소적 가수분해 system을 확립하기 위하여, 전통메주로부터 대두단백질 분해능이 우수한 균주를 분리하여, 분해 양상이 상이한 효소를 생산하는 곰팡이와 세균 3균주를 선별하여 동정을 실시하였다. 단백질 분해능이 우수한 균주 중 곰팡이 M4는 leucine 활성이, 곰팡이 M5는 azodye 활성이 높았으며, 세균은 leucine활성이 가장 낮은 B16을 선별하여 효소의 작용에 의한 대두 단백의 분해 양상이 상이한 균주로 분리하였다. 분리한 곰팡이 M4는 배양배지에서 균사는 백색이었으며 균핵은 흰색에서 검은 색으로 변화하였다. Slide배양 결과, 분생자두는 방사형이었고, 정낭은 곤봉형이었다. 분생자는 반구형으로 기경자와 단경자가 존재하였다. 분생자병은 무색으로 매끈한 표면이었다. 분류학상 Aspergillus oryzae(ahlburg)종의 특징과 유사하여 이 종으로 분류 동정하고 Aspergillus oryzae M4로 명명하였다. 곰팡이 M5는 MEA배지에서 흰색과 검은색의 균사가 혼재되어 있었다. Slide배양 결과, 회녹색의 균총과 긴(7 mm) 포자낭병이 존재하였다. 포자낭은 회갈색이었고, 큰 포자낭과 기저막에서 작은 포자낭들이 떨어져 나오는 형태를 보였다. 중축은 구형으로 절단된 유리질의 형태이었고, 포자낭 포자는 직경이 작은$(80\;{\mu}m)$ 타원형이었다. 따라서 분류학상 접합균의 Mucor circinelloides의 종과 유사하여 이 종으로 분류 동정하고 Mucor circinelloides M5라 명명하였다. 세균 B16은 백색의 불투명한 colony로서 circular, lobate한 형태였고, 간상형으로 내생포자를 함유하였다. 또한, gram염색, catalase, oxidase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, V-P test 등에서 양성이었고, D-fructose, ${\alpha}-D-glucose$, maltose, D-mannose, D-raffinose, stachyose, sucrose등의 이용성이 있었다. B16의 형태학적, 생리학적인 특징의 결과, Bacillus megaterium의 특징과 일치하였다. 그러나, 균체 지방산은 Paenibacillus marcerans의 균종과 유사하여 B16은 더 자세한 동정방법과 분류체계를 통해 명확한 동정이 필요하리라 사료되었다. 따라서 B16은 잠정적으로 Bacillus megaterium B16이라 명명하였다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1960

P. japonica가 분류학에서 말하는거와 같이 리웅이주가 않이고 이형호장물이라는 것을 훌견하고 수년간 이 식물의 장주화개체, 단주화개체간의 화기의 형태, 수정력, 화분관의 행동 및 L, S주의 화분의 임, 불임등을 조사해 보았드니 이 식물은 이형수장물중에서도 L, S주간의 분화가 가장 심하게 되어 있어 일부기관이나 기능은 웅웅이주와 같이 변해버린 특수한 이형수장물이라는 것이 명백히 되었고 이 장물은 장물조포체세대의 성의 분화가 생기는데 이형현상을 거쳐서 되는 경우도 있지 않나 하는 것을 가정케하는 한 증거가 될수 있다고 생각된다. 또한 여뀌과의 다른 이형예장물인 F. esculentum이나 P. senticosa와 비교해 보면 이 장물이 가장 L, S 주간의 분화가 심하고 F. esculentum은 중간, P. senticosa는 가장 미분화상태에 있어 삼종외 여뀌과 이형예장물간에 그 분화의 정도에 gradation이 생겨 있다. 이제 실험결과릎 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) P. japonica는 화주장, 화사장, 등의 제일차의 형태적 차이뿐만 않이라 제이차적 형이도 대단히 심한 Dimorphism을 나타내고 있다. 2) L, S주의 화기의 차이는 동과의 타이형예작물에 비해 극경호 분화되어 있다. 3) L, S주의 웅예를 보면 S주는 대단히 발달되어 있는 반면에 L주의 웅예는 애예된것 같은 느낌을 주고 있다. 4) 적법수분에 의하면 L, S주가 다 결실이 잘 되지만 불적법수분에서는 수정결실이 전혀 안된다. 수정생리상으로도 뚜렷한 이형예작물이다. 5) 자가가임의 성질 또는 동형화간의 수정력은 완전히 상실하고 있다. 여뀌과의 타이형예작물과는 이 점에 차이가 심하다. 6) 자연상태하에 있어서는 S주는 결실이 거이 안되어 마치 \ulcorner주와와 같은 외관을 나태내고 있다. 7) 인공수분에서는 $L{\times}S$나 $S{\times}L$ 주 수정결실이 다 되어 S주의 행동은 자연상태하에서 와는 대단히 상이하다. 8) L주에 비해 S주는 수정후 용과가 더 심하다. 9) 화분관의 행동은 수정력과 완전히 일치된다. 즉 L-selfing, $L{\times}L$, S-selfing, $S{\times}S$등의 부적법 수분에서는 화분관은 화주의 미중에서 정지되지만 $L{\times}S$, $S{\times}L$,에서는 수분 약 40-50분 후이면 화분관은 자방까지 도달된다. 10) S주는 웅본으로 오인되어 있지만 인위적법수분을 하면 수정력이나 화분관의 행동은 L주에서와 동일하다. 11) S화분은 완전하지만 L화분은 약 70%가 내용공허한 Adortive pollen 이다. 12) L화분중 나머지 30%도 S화분에 비해서 염색도가 낮은것이 많고 S화분 같이 농염되는 것은 극히 소수이다. 13) 본장물은 분화가 고도로 진행된 전형적인 이형예작물이여 마치 Dimorphism 에서 Dioecious 에로 이행되는 수가 있다는 것을 표시하는 증거가 되는 것 같다.