• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.182-195
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of triamcinolone acetonide by iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery on anti-inflammatory action into the rats and which had carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in the feet, trauma-induced tissue damage in the thigh. Each group was treated under the fellowing conditions. 1. Group I : Control group 2. Group II : Application of direct current 3. Group III : Application of 0.1$\%$ triamcinolone acetonide solution 4. Group IV : Iontophoresis of 0.1$\%$ triamcinolone acetonide solution The degree of anti-inflammation was evaluated by the paw withdrawal latency, the change in volume of foot the change of paw edema, histological change in rats. 1. In paw withdrawal latency, group IV showed the most significant therapeutic effect than the other groups at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hours(p < 0.001). 2. In paw edema experiment in the foot, group IV showed the most significant effect than group I at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hours. It meant that there was effective anti-inflammatory reaction in group I (p < 0.001). 3. In the light microscopic observation, group IV showed the most significant reduction of haemorrhage, hyperemia and infiltrative inflammation. From the results, the iontophoresis with triamcinolone acetonide is more effective than using each groups. It is one of the effective physical agent which delivered large molecular weight drug into the body. The continuous study is needed for many interesting issues of iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery in new future.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.171-183
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• 1994

Purphose. This present study examines the effect of brief, intense transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(BTENS) on sensory nerve conduction, electrical pain threshold, and two-point discrimination measured at the superficial radial nevre distribution in 20 healthy subjects. Subjects. Twenty volunteercs, (10 females and 10 males(age range : 20-38 years : $mean{\pm}SD\;:\;27.00{\pm}5.12$), only subjects without prior traumatological and pathological were eligible to participated in this study. Methods. Nerve conduction were determined for the right superficial radial nerve. Electrical pain threshold were determined for the right wrist ipsilateral to the site of BTENS. Small disc electrodes were attached to the surface of the skin stradding the end of the radius. Square wave electrical pulses were delivered from an isolated stimulator through a constant current device at a frequency of 2 Hz(5 ms pulse width). Two-point discrimination, measured on the sensory distribution of superficial radial nerve. BTENS was delivered using a Max-SD( Medical design co.) portable battery powered stimulator. A cicular Ag/AgCl electrode in contact with hypertonic saline gel was attached to the lateral(radial side) surface of the forearm. Results. No significant effects were observed between stimulation methods in the prestimulation cycle(multi-way ANOVA repeated measures : distal latency ; F1.14=0.332. amplitude ; F 0.80=0.445, pain threshold ; F0.06=0.940.2 point discrimination ; F1.50=0.236). Highly significant effects were observed time with the pretreatment and 6 posttreatment cycles(p<0.01). Mighty significants differences in nerve conduction and pain threshold were found using un multi-way ANOVA repeated measures among stimulation methods for each cycles(p<0.01). Conclusion and Discussion The authors concludes that both nerve conduction and pain threshold changes are associated with therapy (stimulation) level of BTENS.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2004

The propose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the partial body weight support during treadmill training on the ambulation in elderly with chronic stroke. Fourteen hemiplegic volunteers participated and were divided into an experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the body weight support during treadmill training was performed 3 times per week for 6 weeks. In the control group, usual treadmill training was applied. Before and after experiments, temporal-spatial gait parameters were measured. The date of 14 patients who carried out the whole experimental course were statistically analyzed. The results of the study were : 1. In the comparison of gait velocity before and after experiment, the gait velocity was significantly increased in the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the gait velocity between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 2. In comparison of gait cadence before and after experiment, the gait cadence was significantly increased in both groups(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the gait cadence between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 3. In the comparison of step length before and after experiment, the step length was significantly increased in the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the step length between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 4. In the comparison of vastus medialis root mean square(RMS) before and after experiment, the vastus medialis RMS was significantly increased in the experimental group(p<.05). In the comparison of vastus medialis root mean square(RMS) before and after experiment, the vastus medialis RMS was not significantly increased in the experimental group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the vastus medialis RMS between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 5. In the comparison of latency of somatosensory evoke potential(SSEP) before and after experiment, the latency of SSEP was significantly increased in the experimental group(p<.05). In the comparison of latency of somatosensory evoke potential(SSEP) before and after experiment, the latency of SSEP was significantly decreased in the control group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the latency of SSEP between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 6. In the comparison of functional ambulation profile(FAP) before and after experiment, the FAP was not significant difference in the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the FAP between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05).

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2001

Background : Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy that refers to a group of signs and symptoms resulting from compression of the median nerve at the wrist. The course of CTS in older patients is different from the younger patients. This difference may be the result of different underlying mechanisms. The different nerve conduction studies of CTS may signify different approaches in management. This study was done to assess the differences in nerve conduction study of CTS in younger and older patients. Methods : This study involved 224 patients who visited Gachon Medical School, Gil Medical Center and was diagnosed by nerve conduction study from October 1997 to October 1999. We compared the results of nerve conduction study to age, especially in between those under 60 years and those 60 years or over CTS patients. Nerve conduction study consists of motor studies of both median nerves(terminal latency, compound action potential) and sensory studies(nerve conduction velocity, nerve action potential). And we also evaluated the variables between younger and older patients group. Those variables include sex, symptom period, laterality, abnormal physical findings and radiculopathy. Results : We found that a significant increase of terminal latency(p<0.1), but a decrease in compound motor action potential(p<0.05) in older patient's group. There was no significant differences in sensory nerve conduction velocity and action potential between those under 60 years and those 60 years or even patients. And also there was no significant difference in sex, symptom period, laterality, abnormal physical findings, radiculopathy between older and younger patients. Conclusions : This study showed a significant increase in the terminal latency and a decrease in compound action potential in older patients. The different nerve conduction studies of CTS by age effect may need different approaches in management.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.113-122
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• 1998

This paper presents an implementation method of Profibus interface software using FMS(Fieldbus Message Specification). The Profibus interface software is implemented on PC which is widely used as an industrial computer as well as a commercial embedded controller called IUC(Intelligent Universal Controller). In order to enable the Profibus interface software to handle many application tasks and communication services, two kinds of real-time/multi-tasking operating system, OS-9 and CTask, are utilized. We also develop an experimental model of Profibus-based automation system, and evaluate the performance of the Profibus network. Through experiments, the user layer level message latency is measured with respect to the change of message length, message generation interval and TRT(Target Rotation Time). The results of experiment are compared with those of a simulation model which comprises only the physical and data link layers of Profibus. The results of this study shows that the message latency in the user layer level occupies fairly a large part of the total message latency.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.286-291
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• 2012

Objective : To investigate the change of latency of cervical dermatomal somatosensory evoked potential (DSEP) according to stimulation intensity (SI) and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods : Stimulation sites were the C6, C7, and C8 dermatomal areas. Two stimulation intensities $1.5{\times}$sensory threshold (ST) and $2.5{\times}ST$ were used on both normal and CTS patients. Results : In moderate CTS, the latencies of C6 and C7 DSEP during $1.5{\times}ST$ SI and those of C7 DSEP during $2.5{\times}ST$ SI were significantly delayed compared with the values of normal subjects. Significant correlation between the latency of C7 DSEP of $2.5{\times}ST$ stimulation and the median sensory nerve conduction velocity was observed. Conclusion : We suggest that these data can aid in the diagnosis of cervical sensory radiculopathy using low stimulation intensity and of those who have cervical sensory radiculopathy combined with CTS patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2018

Purpose: The neurodynamic test used to implicate symptoms arising from the nerve is proposed to selectively increase the strain of the nerve without increasing the strain of adjacent tissue, although this has not yet been established in the time of nerve tension application. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of nerve stretching time on nerve excitability using compound nerve action potential (CNAP) analysis. Methods: Thirty healthy young adults (mean age=23.10 years) with no medical history of neurological or musculoskeletal disorder voluntarily participated in this study. Nerve excitability was assessed using the median nerve conduction velocity test. The amplitude of the CNAP was measured under three conditions: resting phase (supra-maximal stimulus, without nerve stretching), baseline phase (two-thirds of the supra-maximal stimulus, without nerve stretching), and stretch phase (two-thirds of the supra-maximal stimulus, with 1-5 minutes nerve stretching). One-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the latency and amplitude of CNAP. A post-hoc test was analyzed using the contrast test. Results: The latency was significantly delayed after 1 min. of nerve stretching in comparison with the baseline test. However, no significant difference was found during the nerve stretching (1-5 min.). The amplitude was significantly increased by nerve stretching. Conclusion: Nerve stretching can induce nerve excitability without any nerve injury. Based on the results, more than 1 min. of nerve stretching as a neurodynamic test can be a useful method in the clinical setting.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2007

Purpose: We investigated how nerve mobilization influence ankle plantar flexor muscles of the affected lower extremity on the spasticity in stroke patients. Method: Total 12 patients were recruited, who had spasticity on ankle of the affected lower extremity, and applied nerve mobilization on the sciatic and tibial nerves in supine position. H-reflex was measured using EMG equipment, detected the ratio of maximum H/M and H-reflex latency, and compared the changes before, during, right after, 5 minutes after and 10 minutes after the application of nerve mobilization. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA to compare the changes in length of time. Results: In comparison with the ratio before nerve mobilization, the ratio of maximum H/M was significantly decreased during nerve mobilization(p<0.05), and it tended toward recovery right after, 5 minutes after and 10 minutes after applying nerve mobilization, there was no statistically significant difference(p>0.05). In comparison with the ratio before nerve mobilization, the ratio of maximum H/M was most significantly decreased during the first 10 seconds after nerve mobilization and it tended toward recovery gradually(p<0.05). In comparison with the H-reflex latency before nerve mobilization, it was significantly increased during nerve mobilization(p<0.05) and it was decreased right after nerve mobilization, After 5 and 10 minutes, it had a tendency toward recovery but it revealed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: It is considered that nerve mobilization could contribute to initial rehabilitation with stroke patients for relieving spasticity and nerve contracture.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2021

모바일 네트워크 및 인터넷의 발전은 물리적인 거리의 한계를 극복하고 원격지의 정보를 제공하거나 획득하는데 기여하고 있다. 그러나 영상 전송을 주요 정보 제공 수단으로 사용하는 시스템은 여전히 고대역폭과 저지연 전송을 요구하고 있으며, 전송된 영상을 기반으로 상황을 판단하고 실시간 피드백을 제공하기 위해서는 전송된 영상의 품질뿐만 아니라 데이터 신뢰성과 전송 지연시간 문제는 극복해야할 중요한 부분이다. 5세대 모바일 네트워크의 출현은 이전 세대의 기술에서 경험할 수 없었던 고대역폭과 정밀한 위치 인식 등의 특성을 제공하여, 원격 진료 및 수술, 사회안전망을 위한 무선 원격 비디오 감시 시스템, 차량의 자율 주행 뿐만 아니라 UAV/UGV의 비가시권 제어를 실현할 수 있는 기반이 되고 있다. 또한 모바일 네트워크의 특성을 고려하여 네트워크 지연 시간을 최소화하는 Mobile Edge Computing 기술은 기존의 스마트 단말과 고가용성 서버 시스템으로 구성되던 시스템 아키텍처에 대한 변화를 요구하고 있다. 그러나 여전히 무선 구간에서 발생하는 네트워크 불확실성은 고해상도 영상을 전송할 때 영상 품질의 문제로 이어지며, 캐시를 활용한 전통적인 해결 방법은 지연 시간의 증가로 이어지게 되어 5G-MEC로 극복한 문제에 대한 근본적인 해결책이 되지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 Foward Error Correction과 Fast Retransmission을 이용하는 SRT 프로토콜을 기반으로 초저지연 고화질 영상 전송 시스템을 제안하고 각 시스템 컴포넌트를 5G-MEC의 특성을 고려하여 배치하여 4K 영상 전송시에도 종단간 지연시간을 1초 이하로 제한할 수 있음을 실험 결과로 제시하고 있다. 또한 실시간 고화질 영상 전송시 고려해야하는 요소로, 영상의 품질과 카메라-사용자 간의 최종 지연 시간 및 지연시간에 영향을 미치는 구간을 분석하고 추가적으로 개선할 수 있는 부분을 찾아 제시하도록 한다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2022

With the advancement in the Internet of things Technology (IoT) cloud computing, billions of physical devices have been interconnected for sharing and collecting data in different applications. Despite many advancements, some latency - specific application in the real world is not feasible due to existing constraints of IoT devices and distance between cloud and IoT devices. In order to address issues of latency sensitive applications, fog computing has been developed that involves the availability of computing and storage resources at the edge of the network near the IoT devices. However, fog computing suffers from many limitations such as heterogeneity, storage capabilities, processing capability, memory limitations etc. Therefore, it requires an adequate task scheduling method for utilizing computing resources optimally at the fog layer. This work presents a comprehensive review of different task scheduling methods in fog computing. It analyses different task scheduling methods developed for a fog computing environment in multiple dimensions and compares them to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of methods. Finally, it presents promising research directions for fellow researchers in the fog computing environment.