• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.533-541
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in electromyographic activities of upper extremity muscle between repeated taping and to compare the effects of each taping method in stroke patients. Background: Taping studies for functional improvement and pain relief of the UE have been conducted using various methods. Despite being an important factor when you treatment to a patient in a clinical attachment numbers situation quantitative research is that there is not at all to the taping at the time of application. Method: Twenty patients volunteered in this study and were tested under four taping conditions as follows, in random order: (1) no taping, (2) taping applied once, (3) taping applied twice, and (4) taping applied thrice. The muscle activity and maximum peak of the extensor carpi radialis muscle in electromyographic activities were measured, respectively. Results: The muscle activity and maximum peak of the extensor carpi radialis muscle showed significant differences among the four conditions (p<.05). In the post hoc test, the extensor muscle showed significant differences in muscle activity and maximum peak in electromyographic activities, except between taping applied twice and thrice. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that repeated taping up to two times may be useful in improving the muscle activity and maximum peak of the extensor muscle. Application: This study provides useful information to future researchers regarding the effects of repeated taping applications on muscle activity and maximum peak of the muscles of the human body.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

Push-up plus has been advocated for increasing the activity of the serratus anterior muscle, the most critical scapular stabilizer. However, no previous study has reported the possibility of compensatory motion on the part of the pectoralis major, which could substitute for the action of the serratus anterior during push-up plus. The aim of the current study was to investigate the immediate effect of electromyography (EMG) biofeedback of the pectoralis major muscle on the pectoralis major, upper trapezius, and serratus anterior muscles during push-up plus. Fourteen healthy young subjects voluntarily participated in this study; each subject performed push-up plus from the quadruped position, in two conditions (i.e., with or without visual and auditory biofeedback). Surface EMG was used to measure pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and upper trapezius activity. A paired t-test was used to determine any statistically significant difference between the two conditions. Additionally, effect size was calculated to quantify the magnitude of EMG biofeedback in each muscle. Visual and auditory feedback reduced pectoralis major muscle activity significantly (p=.000) and increased the serratus anterior muscle activity significantly (p=.002), but did not induce a significant difference in upper trapezius muscle activity (p=.881). Thus, it is concluded that the visual and auditory feedback of pectoralis major muscle activity can be used to facilitate serratus anterior muscle activity during push-up plus.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deep breathing exercise and ankle exercise on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein. Sixteen healthy male students were recruited from Yonsei University, at Wonju. The blood flow velocities in the femoral vein were measured under three different conditions: resting, deep breathing, and ankle exercise. All subjects were given a 5-minute relaxing time in supine position prior to the study. Using a doppler ultrasound with a 8 MHz probe, the peak blood flow velocities were collected in a twenty-second-period at each condition. The subjects took a rest in between trials for the blood flow to return to its resting levels. The result showed a significant difference in peak blood flow velocities under those three conditions (p<.001). The peak blood flow velocity was highest in ankle exercise condition. The peak blood velocity was significantly higher in deep breathing condition compared with the resting condition. As a result, it is revealed that not only the muscular contractions but also the deep breathing exercises induced facilitating effects of venous return. Either of the exercise methods can be recommended to prevent blood stasis in patients with risk of deep vein thrombosis after cardiac or lower extremity surgery.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-252
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• 2016

Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.48-62
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• 1997

Several studies have evaluated the effects of types of relative frequency and delay interval of knowledge of results(KR) on motor skill learning independently. The purpose of this study was to determine more effective types of KR relative frequency and KR delay interval for motor learning. Forty-six healthy subjects (15 female, 31 male) with no previous experience with this experiment participated. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 29 years (mean=23.9, SD=0.474). All subjects were assigned to one of four groups: a high-instant group, a high-delay group, a low-instant group, and a low-delay group. During the acquisition phase, subjects practiced movements to a target (400 mm) with either a high (83%) or low (33%) KR relative frequency, and with either an instantaneous or delayed (after 8s) KR. Four groups were evaluated on retention (after 3min and 24hr) and transfer (450 mm) tests. The major findings were as follows: (1) there were no between-group differences in acquisition and short-term retention (p>0.05, (2) a low (33%) KR relative frequency during practice was as effective for learning as measured by both long-tenn retention and transfer tests, compared with high (83%) KR practice conditions (p<0.05), (3) delayed (8s) KR enhanced learning as measured by both long-term retention and transfer tests, compared with instantaneous KR practice conditions (p<0.05), and (4) there were no interactions between KR relative frequency and KR delay interval during acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. The results suggest that relatively less frequent and delayed KR are more effective types for motor learning than more frequent and instantaneous KR.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the flexicurve kyphosis index (KI), the flexicurve lordosis index (LI) and the distance from the inferior angle of the scapula to the nearest vertebral spinous process (DS), as a dependent variable of scapular protraction, after applying of adolescents with thoracic hyperkyphosis using three different garments. A repeated measures design was used. Ten adolescents ($15.8{\pm}1.0$ years) with thoracic hyperkyphosis ($40.1{\pm}3.7$ Cobb angle) were recruited from a university hospital. A flexicurve ruler was used to measure KI and LI and a scoliometer was used to measure DS under three different conditions: wearing-a hospital garment (HG), wearing-a sham garment (SG), and wearing-an experimental garment (EG). KI under EG condition was significantly decreased compared with that wearing the HG. However, there was no significant difference between wearing the SG and HG. LI when wearing the EG was significantly increased compared with that when wearing HG. However, there was no significant difference under SG and HG conditions. DS when wearing the EG was significantly decreased compared with wearing HG. However, there was no significant difference between the SG and HG. The results of this study show that the EG was effective in decreasing KI, but not effective in decreasing LI. Hence, the effect of the EG for correcting sagittal spine angle in adolescents with thoracic hyperkyphosis is still debatable. However, since we showed that DS decreases in the EG, this method could be applied in correcting the scapular protraction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.60-68
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is to identify green roofs based on how to utilize the diverse space. This research also aims to discover the correlation between the use of the green roof and the overall level of the public's health condition, through which it is intended to grasp the health effects by means of the space of the green roof. The current use patterns of the green roof have been identified generally to have more than 60% accessibility, less than 30 minutes of short-tenn use, relaxation or removing stress, enjoy the view of the surrounding, smoking, walking and exercise. It will be highly effective to furnish facilities and plants for tree planting, and to get financial maintenance & management subsidy for the purpose of revitalizing the green roof. It is expected that if the green roof is created in educational institutes, hospitals and shopping centers, where the current level of health conditions is generally low, it will contribute in promoting the city dwellers' health benefits. In addition, the physical environmental renovation through establishing the green roof will bring about producing a healthy city because the emotional health benefits also will make a positive impact upon physical health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2008

In this study, PHABSIM which is a sample for 1D physical habitat and River2D, which is a sample for 2D physical habitat were applied to the main streams of Han River in order to calculate an optimum flow considering the habitats of fishes in determining the instream flow. Moreover, the Weighted Usable Area (WUA) of the two samples in each growth step (adults and spawning) of the target fish type was compared and reviewed. The optimal flow value was calculated by considering the conditions for inhabiting fishes. As a result of the correlation analysis for WUA from 1D and 2D samples was 0.87 to 0.99. The optimum flow considering the conditions of inhabiting fishes showed insignificant difference of $3m^3/s\;to\;5m^3/s$ with the exception of adults in Moon-Mak and spawning in Dal-Chun.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate walking standard time and joint powers of the lower extremities on the changes of illuminations in the elderly women. Ten older women ($70.90{\pm}3.28$ years, $154.70{\pm}3.47$ cm, $53.80{\pm}5.39$ kg) with normal vision and no gait disabilities participated in this study. All the experiments were performed on a level walkway from low to high lighting (six conditions). A 3-dimensional motion capturing system, force-plate, and EMG were used to acquire and analyze walking motion, force, and muscle activity data; the sampling frequency was 100 Hz, 1000 Hz and 1000 Hz respectively. To test the differences on walking standard time and joint powers of the lower extremities between the six lighting conditions, one-way repeated ANOVAs were evaluated. The following results were drawn: First, mean standard time was about 1.3 sec/stride, and velocities were smaller with lighting increasing except 100 Lx. Second, the joint power patterns of ankle and knee were not consistent, but only hip joint power was a greatest in 6 Lx and a smallest in 400 Lx. Third, standard times(100 Lx<300 Lx, 400 Lx) were statistically significant, and hip joint max powers (100 Lx>others) were also statistically significant. But ankle and knee joint max power were not statistically significant. These results showed that standard times from low to high lighting were not consistent, and hip joint of 100 Lx has a greatest rotational torque. We suggested that gait strategies of them as to changing illuminations were not consistent and findings may represent a lack of adaptability in the elderly women.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.321-328
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the growth and physical responsees of Dracaena braunii in response salt accumulation in ornamental water culture and to examine the effect of activated carbon on this growth response. The experiment was conducted in a plant growth chamber and the indoor environmental conditions of the chamber were set at $23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ temperature, $70{\pm}3%$ humidity, and 1,000 lux brightness. The observation of the growth response of plants in the presence of activated carbon showed that the pH with activated carbon maintained sub-acidic to neutral (6.27~7.32) conditions and showed decreased electric conductivity in the media. As the treatment with added activated carbon showed good growth and physical responses, this indicated that absorption effect of activated carbon had a positive influence on the growth of plants. However, as the absorption effect of activated carbon may decrease over time and the use of high concentrations of activated carbon might cause nutrition shortage, various concentration of activated carbon and their absorption effects need to be investigated in the future.