• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 1997

The physical and chemical stability of anthocyanins from a Korean pigmented rice variety was investigated at various conditions of pH, temperature, metal ion, sugar, organic acid and light. The anthocyanin pigments were relatively stable with half-lives of 36 days (pH 2.0) and 17 days (pH 3.0), while they were decomposed in a day at neutral and basic pH of 7.0 and 9.0 at $25^{\circ}C$. The anthocyanins also showed high thermal stability at pH 3.0; the half-lives were 7.4 hr, 23.6 hr and 96.3 hr at $95^{\circ}C,\;75^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}$, respectively. Addition of di- and tri-valent metal ions at pH 3.0 resulted in the increase of color intensity and stability throughout 21 days of storage periods at $25^{\circ}C$. Most sugars added accelerated the degradation of anthocyanin pigments, so that fructose showed the greatest degradation effect on the pigments. Addition of citric acid at pH 3.0 increased stability of anthocyanins, while tartaric acid decreased stability. The anthocyanins were very sensitive on light irradiation with a degradation half-life of 14 hr under 20,000 lux-light dosage at pH 3.0.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2002

To evaluate the correlations of microbial populations with soil healthiness and crop production and establish the criteria for microbial population of soil types. We analyzed the microbial community structure of 13 soils which were different in physical and chemical properties and cultivation methods. According to the analysis of microbial population suing the dilution plate method, the large differences of the microbial population structures among soil types were shown: aerobic bacteria $2-27{\times}10^6$, fluorescent Pseudomonas $1-1,364{\times}10^5$, Gram negative bacteria $1-126{\times}10^4$, and mesophilic Bacillus $1-110{\times}10^5$. The density of Gram negative bacteria was highest on red pepper cultivating soils (sample no. 4 and 6) of Umsung and Gesan, Chungbuk, and the density of the fluorescent Pseudomonas was highest on greenhouse soil (sample no. 7) of Jinju, Kyungnam. The crop productivity of three soils was high as compared with those of other soils. It was supposed that the density of fluorescent Pseudomonas and mesophilic Bacillus were correlated with the incresed crop production. By MIDI analysis, 579 strains isolated from 13 soils composed of a variety of microbes including 102 isolates of Agrobacterium, 112 isolates of Bacillus, 32 isolates of Pseudomonas, 44 isolates of Kocuria, and 34 isolates of Pseudomonas. Among the 624 isolates of Gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas including P. putida and p. fluorescens occupied the highest density (51%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia also appeared at high density. From RAPD analysis, the fluorescent Pseudomonas strains isolated from 13 soil types showed a high level of strain diversities and were grouped into 2 - 14 patterns according to soil types. Many of unknown bacteria were recovered from the paddy soil, and needed to be further characterized on the molecular basis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.4-12
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• 1982

1. Under the request of the Dept. of Navy, U.S.A. this investigation has been done as a part work of the Navy Research Project of Tropical Woods at the Wood Technology Laboratory, School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. 2. In order to determine the equilibrium moisture content and hysteresis loop of three tropical woods (Ocotea, Tablebuia, and Hymenaea) which have not been tested the physical properties, this investigation has made with small thin specimens (1.5"${\times}$1.0${\times}$0.4) under four different controlled relative humidity conditions (that is, 21%, 53%, 60%, and 83%). 3. As the result, the equilibrium moisture content and hysteresis loop of three tropical woods have been shown in the Table and Figures 2, 3 and 4. 4. According to the results, it is concluded that there are the considerable differences in the equilibrium moisture content under the same relative humidity condition and the type of hysteresis loop between different species which have been tested. 5. Desorption of lumber with slightly oscillating humidity of each species tested, has shown on the Table 9 and it has almost the same tendency of results showing the difference between species as the small specimen. 6. Although it is hard to compare the difference of results, E.M.C., and hysteresis between tropical wood and woods from temperate zone, there are, however, still some difference between species. 7. The author wishes to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Wangaard, and Prof. Dickinson for the competent guidance and good advice on this study, and also to Mr. Clanchs for the help in getting materials for the experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.8-19
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• 1989

The proportion of imported wood has been now over 80% of raw materials needed in the wood industry, and therefore, many of studies on the substitution of domestic wood for imported wood and on the increasing the utilization rate of domestic species have been attempted and considered as very important projects to solve. But these trials were practically restricted by several disadvantages of domestic species. such as a small diameter, variety of species, and irregularity of wood physical or chemical characteristics, etc. From a this point of view, this study was carried out to investigate solid wood bending properties of sample trees and then to develop their end uses. The species of sample trees were Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus rigida Mill., and Larix leptolepis Gord. which have large growing stocks but Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis have not been used well because of their poor qualities. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum conditions for solid wood bending processing of Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, and Larix leptolepis are showed in Table 6. 2. The minimum solid-bending radii of Pinus densifjora, Pinus rigida, and Larix ieptolepls were 260mm, 240mm, and 300mm, respectively in steaming treatment.

• Clean Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2011

The application of fibrous activated carbon (FAC)-titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) hybrid system has not been reported yet for the control of malodorous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) at residential environmental levels. Accordingly, the current study was designed not only to characterize this hybrid system using x-ray diffraction method, particulate surface measurement and Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) method, but also to evaluate its adsorptional photocatalytic activity (APA) for the DMS removal. The physical/surface characteristics of FAC-$TiO_2$ which was prepared in this study suggested that the hybrid material might have certain APA for DMS. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific area, total pore volume, micropore volume and mesopore volume decreased all as the $TiO_2$ amounts coated on FAC increased, whereas the reverse was true for average pore diameter. $TiO_2$ coated onto FAC did not influence the adsorptional activity of FAC for the DMS input concentration of 0.5 ppm. The APA test of the hybrid material presented that the initial removal efficiencies of DMS were 93, 78, 71 and 57% for the flow rates of 0.5, 1.0, l.5 and 2.0 L/min, respectively, and they decreased somewhat 2 h after the experiment started and kept almost constant for the rest experimental period. Under this pseudo-equilibrium condition, the DMS removal efficiencies were 78, 58, 53 and 36% for the four flow rates, respectively. Meanwhile, there were no significant byproducts observed on the surfaces of the hybrid material. Consequently, this study suggests that, under the experimental conditions used in the present study, the hybrid material can be applied for DMS at residential environment levels without being interfered by any byproducts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.58-69
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• 2018

This study investigated root damage characteristics and correlations between roadside trees and street furniture through the investigation of the root damage conditions and the current status of roadside trees and street furniture in Seo-gu, Daejeon City where the occurrence of pavement uplift is frequent. The study area was divided into six areas by species of trees as Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Platanus occidentalis focusing on the streets that were installed with trees chest height and 8cm round planted at the time of the development of the Dunsan-dong Housing Site Development in Seo-gu, Daejeon metropolitan city (1990~1994). The damage rate of roadside protection frames (95.3%) was higher than that of curbstones (19.7%) at the study site. Streets without a protective frame were more likely to have damaged pavement. In addition, the frequency of breakage of protective frames was lowered when a drinking water area was increased to more than a certain level. The frequency of the type of uplift in the sidewalk pavement surfaces is in the order of tail type > mounding type > irregular type, and the frequency of the uplift direction is the highest in Direction 1 ($0{\sim}44^{\circ}C$), Direction 2 ($45{\sim}89^{\circ}$), and Direction 3 ($95{\sim}134^{\circ}$) when $180^{\circ}$ of the street direction is based on $90^{\circ}$ parallel to the curbstone. The uplift length is about 31~60cm and it is most often at a height of 3~6cm. When comparing the results of uplift deformation, Metasequoia glyptostroboides was found to be higher than the deformation of Platanus occidentalis. In addition, it can be seen that the larger the length, width and height of the ridge, the larger the deformation becomes. The relationship between the diameter at breast height, the dimension of the pavement width, the frequency of the ridge phenomenon and the deformation amount is not necessarily proportional, and there seems to be a gap due to external factors such as soil humidity and planting base. Therefore there is a need for a multi-directional approach in reducing uplift.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2012

Surface insolation is one of the major indicators for climate research over the Earth system. For the climate research, long-term data and wide range of spatial coverage from the data observed by two or more of satellites of the same orbit are needed. It is important to improve the continuity and consistency of the derived products, such as surface insolation, from different satellites. In this study, surface insolations based on Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-9) and Multi-functional Transport Satellites (MTSAT-1R) were compared during overlap period using physical model of insolation to find ways to improve the consistency and continuity between two satellites through comparison of each channel data and ground observation data. The thermal infrared brightness temperature of two satellites show a relatively good agreement between two satellites : rootmean square error (RMSE)=5.595 Kelvin; Bias=2.065 Kelvin. Whereas, visible channels shown a quite different values, but it distributed similar tendency. And the surface insolations from two satellites are different from the ground observation data. To improve the quality of retrieved insolations, we have reproduced surface insolation of each satellite through adjustment of the Cloud Factor, and the Cloud Factor for GOES-9 satellite is modified based on the analysis result of difference channel data. As a result, the insolations estimated from GOES-9 for cloudy conditions show good agreement with MTSAT-1R and ground observation : RMSE=$83.439W\;m^{-2}$ Bias=$27.296W\;m^{-2}$. The result improved accuracy confirms that the modification of Cloud Factor for GOES-9 can improve the continuity and consistency of the insolations derived from two or more satellites.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2001

Purpose We performed urinary mass screening(UMS) program for 2,804 children of second grade elemantary school 8 years of age in Paju city with cooperation of Paju City Health Center to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria, and to estimate the risk of incipient renal diseases. Also we attempted to evaluate the significance of hematuria in UMS in addidtion to proteinuria. Methods : 2,804 children of the 2nd grade of elementary school who lived in Paju city were included to our UMS program in 2000. They were constituted with 1,428 boys and 1,376 girls. The screening program was carried out in 3 steps The 1st screenig test was performed at schools and then students with abnormal results were examined repeatedly at Paju City Health Center and our hospital. Those students who showed proteinuria and/or hematuria in the 1st and 2nd test were referred to our hospital to undertake the 3rd close examination including physical examination, laboratory tests and radiologic tests. Results : (I) The prevalence of urinary abnormality in the 1st screening test was $8.3\%$(233 students), comprised of $5.9\%$ of boys, $10.8\%$ of girls. (2) Among 2,804 children tested in the first screening, prevalences of asymptomatic proteinuria and isolated hematuria were 64($2.3\%$), 163($5.8\%$) respectively, and the prevalence of proteinuria with hematuria was 6($0.2\%$). (3) Among 233 students with urinary abnormalities at the 1st screening test, 102 students applied to the 2nd test. 32 children, about one third of them, were also found to have abnormal urinary findings ; isolated hematuria 30, proteinuria with hematuria 2. (4) Those findings of clinical evaluation for children with isolated hematuria at the hospital showed as follows: idiopathic isolated microscopic hematuria 21, normal 6, urinary tract infection 1, idiopathic hypercalciuria 1 and simple renal cyst 1. Those 2 students with proteinuria and hematuria seemed to have chronic glomerulonephritis. Conclusion : (1) The clinical evaluation for children who showed positive results at the 1st screening test should be done judiciously. Because of high false positive rate, almost who showed positive results was normal, only a few of them had pathologic conditions. In this study, actual incidence of incipient renal diseases in children of 8 year old was calculated to be $0.4\%$. (2) The definite conclusion whether a urinary mass screening test can alter the prognosis of incipient renal diseases could not be drawn with this study. Further study must be necessary (3) We could acknowledge the significance of hematuria in UMS, but it is necessary that one should be judicious in managing and follow-up those that show abnormal results. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2001;5 : 156-63)

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.44-50
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• 1984

The effects of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosposphate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as a degumming aid reagent were investigated under the conditions of underground water and dimineralized water for the scouring water sources. The changes of water qualities by adding the condensed sodium phosphates and the physical properties of scoured silk fabric were examined, respectively. 1. The water hardness of underground water was decreased by adding the condensed sodium phosphates and it was further reduced according to the increasing temperature. The water hardness reducing power of sodium pyrophosphate was a little stronger than that of sodium tripolyphosphate. 2. The sodium silicate as an alkaline reagant for scouring decreased the water hardness, but the sodium carbonate increased it in the underground water. 3. The pH value of 0.4% soap and 0.25% sodium silicate mixed solution after boiling was. 9.80, but it was leveled upto 9.90 by adding 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate and upto 9.95 by 0.02% ehtylene diamine tetraacetic acid, respectively. 4. The masking action of Fe$\^$3+/ ions dissolved in the scouring water was more remarkable by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid than by the condensed sodium phosphates. Of the condensations, sodium tripolyphosphate was more effective than sodium pyrophosphate in the action. 5. Genrally, the dimineralized water scouring increased the boil-off ratio with reducing the flexural rigidity of fabric which was negatively related with the favorablility of hand-touch more than the underground one did. 6. Under the underground water scouring, the addition of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid increased the boil-of ratio and compressive elasticity of fabric with reducing the flexural rigidity more than that of the condensed sodium phosphates did. 7 The additions of sodium tripolyphosphate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid reduced the flexural rigidity of fabric with raising the boil-off ratio even in the dimineralized water scouring, but there was no sifnificant difference between both of them.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.416-422
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• 2004

Efficacy of surface sterilization and physicochemical properties of electrolyzed water manufactured depending on electrolyte, materials, and type of electrolytic diaphragm used were investigated. Physical properties of electrolyzed water manufactured from diaphragm system showed the highest effectiveness under at distance between diaphragms of 1.0 mm and 20% NaCl supplying rate of 6 mL/min. ORP, HClO (should defined) content, and pH at above conditions were 1,170 mV, 100 ppm, and 2.5, respectively. Two-stage electrolyzed system was more effective than one-stage one. Electrolyzed water manufactured from non-diaphragm system at 4 mL/min supplying rate of 20% NaCl was similar to the most effective diaphragm system, whereas ORP, HClO content, and pH were 800 mV, 200 ppm, and 9, respectively. Sealed electrolyzed water could be preserved more than one month at room temperature with ORPs of 750 and 1,150 mV in non-diaphragm and diaphragm systems, respectively, and at HClO content of 100 ppm. Physicochemical properties of electrolyzed water manufactured from electrolytic diaphragm of $IrO_{2}$ and Pt+Ir were more effective than that of Pt. ORP and HClO contents of electrolyzed water manufactured from various electrolytes were high in order of NaCl>KCl>$CaCl_{2}$, whereas no differences were observed among electrolytes in sterilization efficacy. Twelve kinds of microorganisms tested (initial total count, $10^{5}-10^{6}CFU/mL$) were sterilized within 1-2 min by electrolyzed water.