• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 2005

Long-term, continuous, and real-time ocean monitoring has been undertaken in order to evaluate various oceanographic phenomena and processes in the East/Japan Sea. Recent technical advances combined with our concerted efforts have allowed us to establish a real-time monitoring system and to accumulate considerable knowledge on what has been taking place in water properties, current systems, and circulation in the East Sea. We have obtained information on volume transport across the Korea Strait through cable voltage measurements and continuous temperature and salinity profile data from ARGO floats placed throughout entire East Sea since 1997. These ARGO float data have been utilized to estimate deep current, inertial kinetic energy, and changes in water mass, especially in the northern East Sea. We have also developed the East Sea Real-time Ocean Buoy (ESROB) in coastal regions and made continual improvements till it has evolved into the most up-to-date and effective monitoring system as a result of remarkable technical progress in data communication systems. Atmospheric and oceanic measurements by ESROB have contributed to the recognition of coastal wind variability, current fluctuations, and internal waves near and off the eastern coast of Korea. Long-tenn current meter moorings have been in operation since 1996 between Ulleungdo and Dokdo to monitor the interbasin deep water exchanges between the Japanese and Ulleung Basins. In addition, remotely sensed satellite data could facilitate the investigation of atmospheric and oceanic surface conditions such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height, near-surface winds, oceanic color, surface roughness, and so on. These satellite data revealed surface frontal structures with a fairly good spatial resolution, seasonal cycle of SST, atmospheric wind forcing, geostrophic current anomalies, and biogeochemical processes associated with physical forcing and processes. Since the East Sea has been recognized as a natural laboratory for global oceanic changes and a clue to abrupt climate change, we aim at constructing a 4-D continuous real-time monitoring system, over a decade at least, using the most advanced techniques to understand a variety of oceanic processes in the East Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.2 s.92
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

The realistic plan to establish a silver market in the clothing industries has not taken concrete shape, although the interest in the establishment of a silver market targeting the aged as a new custom group Is gradually Increasing because the rapid development of science and medical technology in the 20th century has led to an extension of lift and improvement of living conditions. The specialized business which produces and sells the clothing for the elderly is of small number and most of the clothes for the elderly are manufactured and sold by the companies for women's clothing in which change the size or length of the original works rather than reflect the bodily features of the elderly. The findings indicated that domestic brands showed the coordinated concept of a suit of jacket and slacks or skirts while the clothes were formed with a variety of coordinations centering around single article in the U.S brands. But, there was no difference in the use of natural materials centering around cotton and silk etc. and in the use of embroidery, lace and decorative details between the two countries. The knit brands of knit suit style in Korea were formed with the items focused on pull over and cardigan twin set, while the U.S brands were mainly formed with the design of knit suit style. The domestic knit brands were mostly developed with complicated patterns and gorgeous colors, while most of the U.S. brands were presenting a single or two tone color suit style and evening one-piece dress with a simple and modern style. The sporty casual brands of sporty casual style in Korea had a variety of colors and patterns focused on function and comfort for diverse leisure activities and daily life, while the U.S brands were established to present a variety of styles with the items of single article because they had a separate brand for casual even though it was not a exclusive brand for the elderly This study has a meaning in the presentation of the design idea considering the bodily shape of the elderly compared to the ready-to-wear considering the size alone, by examining the characteristics of bodice according to the physical change of the elderly women, analyzing the design of madam brand and the style of the ready-to-wear, researching the general circumstances of the brand for the elderly women, and highlighting the necessity of the elderly clothing market.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2008

The initiation and growth processes of cyclic ice body in porous systems are affected by the thermo-physical and mass transport properties, as well as gradients of temperature and chemical potentials. Furthermore, the diffusivity of deicing chemicals shows significantly higher value under cyclic freeze-thaw conditions. Consequently, the disintegration of concrete structures is aggravated at marine environments, higher altitudes, and northern areas. However, the properties of cyclic freeze-thaw with crack growth and the deterioration by the accumulated damages are hard to identify in tests. In order to predict the accumulated damages by cyclic freeze-thaw, a regression analysis by the response surface method (RSM) is used. The important parameters for cyclic freeze-thawdeterioration of concrete structures, such as water to cement ratio, entrained air pores, and the number of cycles of freezing and thawing, are used to compose the limit state function. The regression equation fitted to the important deterioration criteria, such as accumulated plastic deformation, relative dynamic modulus, or equivalent plastic deformations, were used as the probabilistic evaluations of performance for the degraded structural resistance. The predicted results of relative dynamic modulus and residual strains after 300 cycles of freeze-thaw show very good agreements with the experimental results. The RSM result can be used to predict the probability of occurrence for designer specified critical values. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the life cycle management of concrete structures considering the accumulated damages due to the cyclic freeze-thaw using the proposed prediction method.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 1999

For the purpose of inquiring into the actual conditions of water quality management of Simple Piped Water Supply(SPWS) and the satisfaction and attitudes of inhabitants about utilizing water-supply, this research was done through the questionnaires, the investigation of surrounding environment and water quality analysis in the Sangju city, Kyungsang-pookdo during 4 months from March to June, 1998. The fountainhead of SPES using ground water accounted for 65.3%, which was the highest rate in the group. Most of them was at least 10 years in the number of utilization year. 79.6% of them were exposed to many sorts of surrounding pollution origins. The examination of water was performed only through a test about water purification and 24.5% of them disinfection by chlorine also no residual chlorine was detected at all. All the waterworks did not have any education to the managers of water quality and 81.5% of them held physical examination. As a result of the water examination about SPWS, 65.3% of them were found incongruity and the valley and springing water accounted for higher than the underground water in the rate of incongruity. Looking into the details of the result in the water examination, a category of colon bacilli was ranked in the highest rate and the next one was general bacilli, nitric acid nitrogen and turbidity in order. In the satisfaction degree of the water quality, the satisfied accounted for 44.6%, and 29.2% each. Over the state of satisfaction about the ways of water examination, satisfaction accounted for 44.6%, and unsatisfaction 28.3%. Summarizing the result of the above-stated, the state of Water Quality Management of the SPWS was in a poor condition. Thus for the water Quality Management, systematic and scientific water Quality Management mainly by the administrative organization other than voluntary management by the village should be done beyond doubt. Additionally the opinions and demands of inhabitants utilizing the water supply have to be positively reflected in the affairs of water Quality Management so that the distrust of inhabitants to the SPWS should be settled.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 2012

Purpose: The characteristics of oxidized titanium (Ti) surfaces varied according to treatment conditions such as duration time and temperature. Thermal oxidation can change Ti surface characteristics, which affect many cellular responses such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the surface characteristics and cell response of thermally treated Ti surfaces. Methods: The samples were divided into 4 groups. Control: machined smooth titanium (Ti-S) was untreated. Group I: Ti-S was treated in a furnace at $300^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. Group II: Ti-S was treated at $500^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. Group III: Ti-S was treated at $750^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. A scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and X-ray diffraction were used to assess surface characteristics and chemical composition. The water contact angle and surface energy were measured to assess physical properties. Results: The titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) thickness increased as the treatment temperature increased. Additional peaks belonging to rutile $TiO_2$ were only found in group III. The contact angle in group III was significantly lower than any of the other groups. The surface energy significantly increased as the treatment temperature increased, especially in group III. In the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, after 24 hours of incubation, the assessment of cell viability showed that the optical density of the control had a higher tendency than any other group, but there was no significant difference. However, the alkaline phosphatase activity increased as the temperature increased, especially in group III. Conclusions: Consequently, the surface characteristics and biocompatibility increased as the temperature increased. This indicates that surface modification by thermal treatment could be another useful method for medical and dental implants.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.57-79
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• 2011

One of the fastest growing sector in tourism industry is MICE industry due to globalization among the countries in various parts including business, politics, and cultural exchange. The objectives of this research can be in two fold: firstly, to evaluate the convention service quality and categorize them into three groups, basic service, performance service and exciting service; secondly, to provide the exciting service as a recovery program to restore customer satisfaction and their intention to reuse when the basic or performance service failure occurs. The results are as follows: among the four dimensions of the service quality, only the availability of information and the employee's performance were effected by the exciting service quality. Secondly, employees's performance can only be effected by the exciting service when customer service factor is included prior to the events. Thirdly, the following dimensions of services were not selected to be effective by the exciting services: conditions of physical facility, related infra-structure, the process of customer service and the program. Fourthly, only the additional services and events were selected to be the effective exciting services for the recovery program.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.28-37
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• 1987

Operation of rice whiteners has been depending on operator's experience only and very limitted data are available for operational criteria of rice whiteners in Korea. With developments of new rice varieties and with a tendency of automation of machine operations for precision control, operational criteria depending on physical characteristics of rice grains arc required for an improvement of milled rice recovery and the performance of rice whitening systems. An experimental study was conducted to identify operational criteria of a rice whitening system consisted with an abrasive-aerated whitener developed newly and a frictional-aerated whitener being used commercially. Further, comparisons were made between the performance of the rice whitening system adopted for this study and a commercial system used in small scale milling plants. Results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Total number of passes necessary for the final white rice in the combined whitening system depended exclusively on the counter pressure level of the frictional whitener successive to the abrasive whitener. 2. The counter pressure required for whitening Japonica type rice variety (Akibare) was higher by about 1.6 times than that for Japonica type (Pung-san), when other conditions were kept at the same. 3. Radial pressure in the whitening chamber of the frictional whitener should be maintained between 1.5 to $2.1kg/cm^2$ for the completion of whitening within 5 to 3 passes regardless of rice varieties. Hence, it was found that the radial pressure in the whitening chamber could be used as an operational criteria to control the counter pressure level. 4. The following regression equation was found between radial pressure($R_p$) in whitening chamber and electric power consumption of the whitening system: $$EPC=-0.545\;R^2_p+1.277\;R_p+0.874[KWH/100kg]$$ 5. The following multiple regression equation was found among radial pressure ($R_p$), counter pressure ($C_p$), and bioyield point ($B_i$), length (L) and width (W) of brown rice. $$R_p/(B_i/W^2)=0.547\{C_p/(B_i/W^2)\}^{0.365}(L/W)^{0.120}(R^2=0.9897)$$ 6. The milled rice recovery and machine efficiency (kg/KWH) from the combined whitening system were higher by about 2.0% point and by 15 to 27% point than those from the conventional system, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.932-935
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was the effect of complex training of obese men in their 30s on inflammatory markers and homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The subjects consisted of obese men (n=12) with the body fat ratio of 25% or above in their mid 30s who had no medical conditions and can follow the exercise routine required by this study. To achieve the purpose of this study measured the maximum oxygen intake (VO_2max) and 1RM of 5 kinds of machine(bench press, lat pull down, arm curl, leg press, squat) as a preliminary test; based on the results, performed 8 weeks complex training (aerobic exercise + weight training); and then analyzed the variation in body composition (body weight, body fat and BMI), blood inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α and CRP), and homocysteine between before and after training. The results exhibited that 8 weeks complex training reduced weight, body fat and BMI significantly (p<0.01) and also reduced inflammatory marker CRP and homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, significantly (p<0.05). In conclusion, 8 weeks complex training confirmed the variation in body composition, and this variation has a positive effect on the inflammatory marker and the risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.383-391
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• 2014

In this paper, temperature, pressure and flow analysis system for testing a fuel filter of a diesel engine at the low-temperature environment in winter, is proposed. The light oil of diesel engine below a specific temperature is changed to the waxing materials like paraffin, and it prevents engine to start easily because of reducing fluidity. Thus, built-in block heater should be installed with fuel filter in order to solve this problem. And it is necessary to design evaluation system that can analyze the performance according to temperature, pressure and flow characteristics near fuel filter at a very low temperature. In this paper, we measured a physical quantity related to the performance of around the fuel filter using the proposed system, and analyzed their characteristics. Also the measured data is transferred to remote user by using a web server of embedded systems, and analyzed their conditions in remote place via web browser in order to know the operating status of fuel filter. We installed the proposed system in a small test chamber to verify the performance and took an experiment in normal temperature and very low temperature, and could obtain temperature, pressure and flow of near the fuel filter. As a result, the fuel flow could be improved during operation of the fuel heater.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship between ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock at high frequency (9~20 Hz) in the support phase during downhill running. Method: Fifteen male heel-toe runners with no history of lower extremity injuries were recruited for this study (age, $25.07{\pm}5.35years$; height, $175.4{\pm}4.6cm$; mass, $75.8{\pm}.70kg$). Two uniaxial accelerometers were mounted to the tuberosity of tibia and sacrum, respectively, to measure acceleration signals. The participants were asked to run at their preferred running speed on a treadmill set at $0^{\circ}$, $7^{\circ}$, and $15^{\circ}$ downhill. Six optical cameras were placed around the treadmill to capture the coordinates of the joints of the lower extremities. The power spectrum densities of the two acceleration signals were analyzed and used in the transfer function describing the gain and attenuation of impact shock between the tibia and the sacrum. Angles of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and their angle ranges were calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between two variables, the magnitude of impact shock, and the range of joint angle under three downhill conditions. The alpha level was set at .05. Results: Close correlations were observed between the knee joint range of motion and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock regardless of running slopes (p<.05), and positive correlations were found between the ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock in $15^{\circ}$ downhill running (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, increased knee flexion might be required to attenuate impact shock during downhill and level running through change in stride or cadence while maintaining stability, and strong and flexible ankle joints are also needed in steeper downhill running.