• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1501-1511
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• 2015

As essential trace elements, copper and zinc play important roles in many physiological events in plants. In excess, however, these elements can limit plant growth. This study selected a heavy metal-tolerant plant by analyzing seed germination and biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), canola (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera), Chinese corn (Setaria italica), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ${\times}$ S. sudanense), and determined heavy metal uptake capacity by analyzing biomass, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and heavy metal contents under high external copper or zinc levels. The seed germination rate and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were higher under copper or zinc stress compared to the other three plants. The plant biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seedlings were less vulnerable under low levels of heavy metals (${\leq}50ppm$ copper or ${\leq}400ppm$ zinc). The maximum quantum yield of PSII ($F_v/F_m$) and the maximum primary yield of PSII ($F_v/F_o$) decreased with increasing copper or zinc levels. Under high copper levels, the decline in $F_v/F_m$ was caused only by the decline in $F_m$, and was accompanied by an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The $F_v/F_m$ declined under high levels of zinc due to both a decrease in the maximum fluorescence ($F_m$) and an increase in the initial fluorescence ($F_o$), and this was accompanied by a marked decrease in photochemical quenching (qP), but not by an increase in NPQ. Accumulations of copper and zinc were found in both aboveand below-ground parts of plants, but were greater in the below-ground parts. The uptake capacity of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid for copper and zinc reached 4459.1 mg/kg under 400 ppm copper and 9028.5 mg/kg under 1600 ppm zinc. Our results indicate that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid contributes to the in situ phytoremediation of copper or zinc polluted soils due to its high biomass yield.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.510-515
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• 2014

좀개구리밥(Lemna perpusilla J. Torrey)은 오염물질의 독성시험에 사용되어 온 대표적인 부유성 수생식물이다. 본 연구에서는 오염된 공장지대나 농경지에서 식물의 생육에 악영향을 미치는 독성물질인 PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; 다환방향족탄화수소)와 암모늄($NH_4{^+}$)의 식물 독성 평가를 위해 좀개구리밥을 이용하였다. 독성물질인 PAHs와 암모늄이 들어있는 배양액에 좀개구리밥 엽상체를 배양하면서 반응을 조사하였다. 조사결과, 좀개구리밥의 생장은 PAHs의 종류와 농도에 따라 다르게 반응하였다. PAHs중 fluorene의 처리 때 좀개구밥의 생장이 가장 저해되었으며, fluoranthene과 pyrene은 생장 저해 효과가 적었다. fluoranthene과 pyrene의 경우 30ppm정도의 낮은 농도에서는 좀개구리밥의 생장 저해는 거의 일어나지 않았다. 식물색소 함량도 또한 처리한 독성물질의 종류에 따라 다르게 나타났다. Phenanthrene과 fluorene 처리 시 fluoranthene과 pyrene 처리 때보다 chlorophyll의 함량이 많이 감소되었다. 그러나, 항산화 화합물로 잘 알려진 carotenoids의 경우 fluoranthene과 pyrene을 30ppm 이하의 낮은 농도로 처리 시 오히려 함량이 약간 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 저농도의 fluoranthene 또는 pyrene 처리 시 이들 물질이 좀개구리밥의 황산화 작용을 자극하여 황산화 물질인 carotenoids를 많이 만들게 하는 작용을 하는 것으로 추측된다. 암모늄은 3mM의 낮은 농도에서도 좀개구리밥 엽상체의 생장에 강한 저해효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2012

만의 대부분이 조간대(약 75%)인 전라북도 곰소만 내 해수와 퇴적물 중 미세조류의 생체량과 군집조성의 월 변화를 비교하기 위해서 1999년 2월부터 2000년 1월까지는 매월, 2000년 2월부터 12월까지는 격월로 high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)를 이용하여 광합성색소 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 해수 중 미세조류의 군집구조를 조절하는 환경요인을 조사하기 위해서 수온, 염분, 영양염류, 용존산소, 화학적산소요구량을 분석하였다. 해수 중 미세조류의 월별 분포는 대체로 담수의 유입으로 인한 영양염류의 공급이 많은 시기에 높은 생체량(chlorophyll a)을 보였다. 퇴적물 중 저서미세조류의 생체량은 국내외 다른 갯벌지역에 비해서 상대적으로 낮았으며, 단위 면적당 적분한 해수 중 미세조류의 생체량에 비해서 2-3배 낮게 나타났다. 해수와 퇴적물 중 미세조류의 색소분석 결과, 규조류의 주요색소인 fucoxanthin 농도가 가장 높았으며, fucoxanthin과 chlorophyll a의 월 변화가 유사한 양상을 보여 곰소만 내 갯벌과 해수 중 미세조류는 규조류가 우점하는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 조하대 표층 해수 중 미세조류 생체량(chlorophyll a)의 월 변화는 갯벌에 서식하는 저서미세조류 생체량의 월 변화와 다른 양상을 보였으며, 현미경 관찰을 통한 해수 중 미세조류의 종조성 분석 결과, 저서미세조류의 우점종인 저서성 규조류는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 곰소만 갯벌에서 재부유되어 조하대로 공급되는 저서미세조류가 조하대 표층 생태계에 서식하는 생물에게 먹이원으로서의 기여도는 상대적으로 낮다는 것을 시사한다. 갯벌에서 재부유되어 조하대로 공급되는 미세조류의 정확한 평가와 함께 조하대에서 이들의 수직, 수평 거동과 관련된 심도 깊은 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 1991

Trimorphomyces papilionaceus dikaryon 으로부터 자영적인 돌연변이에 의해 분리한 이배체를 대상으로 생장속도, U. V. 광 조사 후의 생존율, U. V. 분광광도계와 Hoechst 33258 핵염색에 의한 DNA 함량등을 monokaryon 및 dikaryon 과 비교하여 결정하였다. 이배체는 dikaryon 핵의 DNA 양과 비슷하였고 monokaryon 핵의 DNA 양의 2배 정도가 되었다. Glyoxalase II 의 band 양상에서 monokayon은 한 개의 isozyme band 만을 보인 반면, 이배체와 dikaryon은 같은 위치에서 두개의 isozyme band 가 관찰되었다. 이원전개한 전기영동실험에서 dikaryon 특이 단백질은 분자량이 66.000 보다 컸으며 분자량 24,000-29,000 사이에서 이배체 특이 단백질이 존재한다.

• 환경생물
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.368-376
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• 2003

The UV-B sensitivity was tested for the intertidal species Chondrus ocellatus from Korea, by measuring photosynthesis estimated as effective quantum yield ($\Phi_{PSII}$) of photosystem II (PS II), growth and content and composition of photosynthetic pigments and UV-absorbing pigments (UVAPs). The $$\Phi_{PSII}$ of the alga decreased with increasing time of exposure to UV-B radiation, followed by fast and nearly full recovery indicating dynamic photoinhibiton. Fresh weight-based growth and pigment contents of C. ocellatus were not seriously affected by UV-B radiation. A single broad peak at 327 nm was obtained from methanol extracts of C. ocellatus, and the absorbance peak increased with increasing UV. The single peak was resolved into three peaks (311, 330 and 336 nm) by the fourth -derivative, and quantitative change in response to UV-B radiation occurred only at 330 nm. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of purified extracts indicated that three MAAs (mycosporine-like amino acids) are present, asterina 330, palythine and shinorine. Field observations during three growing months showed that C. ocellatus exhibit the highest amount of UVAPs in May followed by July and little trace in September, coinciding with the species' phenology. In an ecological context, dynamic photoinhibition as well as accumulation of UVAPs may enable the shallow water red alga C. ocellatus to be well adapted to high UV-B environments.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1509-1519
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• 2011

The protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the antioxidant system under paraquat(PQ) stress was investigated in leaves of 8-week-old lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. PQ stress caused a decrease of leaf growth including leaf length, width and weight. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated PQ stress induced growth suppression. SNP permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem II than in non-treated controls under PQ exposure, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in lettuce leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin were significantly accumulated in the leaves upon PQ exposure. However, the rapid increase of these compounds was alleviated in the SNP treated leaves. PQ treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in the leaves, while SNP prevented PQ induced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$. These results demonstrate that SNP serves as an antioxidant agent able to scavenge $H_2O_2$ to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lettuce leaves in the presence of NO donor under PQ stress were higher than those under PQ stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the lettuce leaves arrested SNP mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant systems. However, PTIO had little effect on lettuce leaves under PQ stress compared with that of PQ stress alone. The obtained data suggest that the damage caused by PQ stress is in part due to increased generation of active oxygen by maintaining increased antioxidant enzyme activities and SNP protects plants from oxidative stress. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative damage induced by PQ stress and thus confer PQ tolerance.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.330-340
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• 2019

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the integrated effect of zinc (Zn) with other nutrients in managing early blight (EB) disease in tomato. A pot experiment was carried out with basal application of the recommended level of macronutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)] and micronutrients [magnesium (Mg) and boron (B)] in bilateral combination with Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized deigned in replicates. Results revealed that interactive effect of Zn with Mg or B was often futile and in some cases synergistic. Zn with NPK yield synergistic outcome, therefore EB disease was managed significantly (disease incidence: 25% and percent severity index: 13%), which resulted in an efficient signaling network that reciprocally controls nutrient acquisition and uses with improved growth and development in a tomato plant. Thus, crosstalk and convergence of mechanisms in metabolic pathways resulted in induction of resistance in tomato plant against a pathogen which significantly improved photosynthetic pigment, total phenolics, total protein content and defense-related enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)]. The tremendous increase in total phenolics and PAL activity suggesting their additive effect on salicylic acid which may help the plant to systemically induce resistance against pathogen attack. It was concluded that interactive effect of Zn (5.0 mg/kg) with NPK significantly managed EB disease and showed positive effect on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes therefor use of Zn + NPK is simple and credible efforts to combat Alternaria stress in tomato plants.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.110-110
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• 2019

Beet (Beta vulgaris) is a crop similar to sugar beet, chard and leaf beets, and its origin is the Mediterranean coast of southern Europe and Central Asia. Among the components contained in beet, betalain, the main component of the root, has been reported to prevent lipid peroxidation induced by active oxygen and free radicals due to its high radical scavenging ability. Among these, the betalain, betanin (Betanidin 5-O-${\beta}$-glucoside) contains both phenolic and cyclic amine groups, all of which are highly electron-donating and act as antioxidants and has tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Betanin accounts for about 75-95% of the total pigment found in the beet. EM stands for effective microorganisms and is a collection of beneficial microorganisms. EM includes yeast, lactic acid bacteria, mycelia, photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. Human patch test according to CTFA guidelines was observed to be a safe source of no stimulation when 5% (v/v) of the EM fermentation liquid was applied to the human body. In addition, beneficial microorganisms are synergistic in the process of co-existence and cultivation and it has the effect of increasing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting corruption. This study confirms the difference in tyrosinase inhibitory activity and betanin content of beetroot extracts and EM fermented beetroot extracts. Hence, these results confirm that EM fermented beetroot extracts are highly beneficial for the human body.

• ALGAE
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2024

Red macroalga Pyropia yezoensis is a high valuable cultivated marine crop. Its acclimation to cold stress is especially important for long cultivation period across winter in coasts of warm temperate zone in East Asia. In this study, the response of P. yezoensis thalli to low temperature was analyzed on physiology and transcriptome level, to explore its acclimation mechanism to cold stress. The results showed that the practical photosynthesis activity (indicated by Φ_PSII and qP) was depressed and pigment allophycocyanin content was decreased during the cold stress of 48 h. However, the F_v/F_m and non-photochemical quenching increased significantly after 24 h, and the average growth rate of thalli also rebounded from 24 to 48 h, indicating a certain extent of acclimation to cold stress. On transcriptionally, the low temperature promoted the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, while genes related to photosynthetic system were depressed. The increased expression of DEGs involved in ribosomal biogenesis and lipid metabolism which could accelerate protein synthesis and enhance the degree of fatty acid unsaturation, might help P. yezoensis thallus cells to cope with cold stress. Further co-expression network analysis revealed differential expression trends along with stress time, and corresponding hub genes play important roles in the systemic acquired acclimation to cold stress. This study provides basic mechanisms of P. yezoensis acclimation to cold temperature and may aid in exploration of functional genes for genetic breeding of economic macroalgae.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.275-279
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• 2015

본 연구는 Chlorella vulgaris에 자외선을 조사하여 획득한 변이주 중 색소함량이 높은 변이주 2종(UBM1-2, UBM2-57)의 특성을 분석하였다. 2종의 변이주의 생장속도는 WT와 비교했을 때 20% 가량 더딘 생장율을 보였고, 세포건조 중량 및 단백질 함량 또한 세포생장과 비슷한 패턴을 보였다. 지질 함량은 UBM1-2 변이주에서 WT와 비교 시 21% 높은 지질 함량을 확인하였지만, UBM2-57 변이주는 WT보다 39% 낮은 지질함량을 축적하고 있음을 확인하였다. 하지만, 색소함량(클로로필, 카로티노이드)의 경우 WT와 비교 시 유의적으로 높은 함량을 축적하고 있음을 확인하였다. 클로로필함량은 UBM1-2, UBM2-57 변이주가 WT보다 각각 37%, 89% 높았고, 카로티노이드 함량은 WT보다 각각 27%, 70% 높음을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 선별한 미세조류 변이주는 야생균주와 비교 시 세포 생장에 큰 차이를 보이지 않으며, 유용성분을 다량 함유하고 있어 화장품 및 의약품, 건강 기능식품의 중요한 소재로써 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.