• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.907-914
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• 2021

In this study, strawberry cultivation environment in a greenhouse located in Jeonju was monitored and internal environmental parameters were analyzed. Temperature, humidity, RAD, and PPF sensors were installed to monitor environmental conditions in the test greenhouse. Data were collected every 10 minutes during four winter months from sensors placed across the greenhouse to assess its permeability and environmental uniformity. Temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse were relatively uniform with negligible deviations among the center, south, and north; however, it was judged that further analysis of gradients of these parameters from the east to the west of the greenhouse would be needed. Both RAD (Total solar radiation) and PPF (Photosynthetic photon flux) had high values on the south and were low on the north and the reduction rate of these parameters was 54% and 61%, respectively, indicating that a significant amount of light could not be transmitted. This implied a significant decrease in the amount of light entering the greenhouse during winter. Therefore, it is concluded that environmental control devices and auxiliary lighting are needed to achieve uniform greenhouse environment for efficient strawberry cultivation.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

일사 저하에 따른 벼의 형태적 변화와 광합성 특성 변화를 평가하기 위하여, 필리핀 소재 국제미작연구소(IRRI)에서 3품종을 이용하여 분얼기, 생식생장기, 등숙기에 약 40% 차광 처리하고 자연광 처리를 두어 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 차광 조건에서 벼는 단위 엽면적 및 엽록소계(SPAD) 측정값 증가, 엽신으로의 건물중 분배비율 증가 등 일조 부족에 대한 적응 형태를 나타내었으나, 분얼이 지연되고 건물 생산량이 감소하는 특징을 보였다. 2. 차광 조건에서 생육한 벼는 자연광 조건에서 생육한 벼에 비하여 탄소동화속도가 늦었으나 조직 내 이산화탄소의 농도는 높게 유지되어, 차광 내 벼의 광합성이 낮았던 것은 광합성 기질인 이산화탄소의 제한이 아니고 photosystem의 전자전달 활성의 약화에 기인된 것으로 판단되었다. 3. 차광 조건에서 생육한 벼를 자연광에 1일간 노출시켜 순화한 후 측정한 최대 광합성과 photosynthetic photon flux density에 대한 광합성 반응은 자연광에서 생육한 벼의 광합성 반응과 차이를 보이지 않아, 차광 조건에서 생육한 벼는 자연광에서 생육한 벼 수준의 잠재 광합성 능력을 유지하고 있었으며, 차광에서의 광합성 저하는 단순하게 일사량 저하에 의한 현상이었다. 4. 분얼기간 동안 차광 조건에서 생육하고 유수형성기 이후 자연광에 노출되어 생육한 벼는 자연광 조건에서 생육한 벼에 비하여 유수형성기부터 출수기까지의 SPAD 값의 증가 정도가 적으며, 엽신 질소 함량의 감소 정도가 크고, $2,000\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ 이상으로 강한 광 조건에서는 광합성이 감소하는 경향을 보여, 일조 부족에 적응한 벼는 photoinhibition 정도가 큰 것으로 생각된다. 5. 벼 수량은 자연광 처리에 비하여 유수형성기$\sim$출수기 차광에서는 수당영화수와 포트당 영화수의 감소에 의하여, 출수기$\sim$성숙기 차광에서는 등숙비율의 저하에 의하여 감소하였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2000

시설 오이재배에서 조절가능한 환경요인들, 즉 광도, $CO_2$ 농도, 온도 그리고 엽중 질소 농도의 변화에 따른 양액재배 오이 엽의 총광합성 속도를 측정하였다. 광보상점은 10~20$\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ 정도로 낮았고 광포화점은 1000$\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ 이상이었으며, 오이의 총광합성 속도는 온도가 상승할수록 증가속도는 감소하지만 지속적인 증가를 보였으나 24~32$^{\circ}C$ 사이에서 광합성 속도는 큰 차이를 보이지 않아 이 범위가 오이 생육에 대한 적정온도인 것으로 나타났다. $CO_2$ 보상점은 20-40$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ 사이에 위치하였고 $CO_2$포화점은 1200$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$이상으로 나타났으며 엽중은 질소함량의 증가에 따른 잎의 총광합성 속도의 변화는 sigmoid형의 증가추세를 보였다. 요인들간의 상호작용 효과에서는 모든 경우 상승적으로 나타나, 한 요인의 수준이 증가함에 따라 타 요인의 수준의 증가에 따른 총광합성 속도도 상승적을 증가하였다. 각환경요인의 변화와 요인들간의 상호작용에 따른 총광합성 속도의 변화에 대한 수리적 모형을 개발하였다. 이들 모형은 시설 내 환경변이에 따른 오이의 생육 내지는 수량에서의 차이를 밝히는데 이용될 수 있으며 오이의 식물생장 모형이나 더 나아가 경영합리화를 위한 오이 생산 전문가 시스템의 개발에 필요한 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to determine the drought stress index through photochemical analysis in red pepper (Capsiumannuum L.). The photochemical interpretation was performed in the basis of the relation between Kautsky effect and Photosystem II (PSII) following the measurement of chlorophyll, pheophytin contents, and $CO_2$ assimilation in drought stressed 5-week-old red pepper plants. The $CO_2$ assimilation rate was severely lowered with almost 77% reduction of chlorophyll and pheophytin contents at four days after non-irrigation. It was clearly observed that the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity rose from a minimum level (the O level), in less than one second, to a maximum level (the P-level) via two intermediate steps labeled J and I (OJIP process). Drought factor index (DFI) was also calculated using measured OJIP parameters. The DFI was -0.22, meaning not only the initial inhibition of PSII but also sequential inhibition of PSI. In real, most of all photochemical parameters such as quantum yield of the electron transport flux from Quinone A ($Q_A$) to Quinone B ($Q_B$), quantum yield of the electron transport flux until the PSI electron acceptors, quantum yield of the electron transport flux until the PSI electron acceptors, average absorbed photon flux per PSII reaction center, and electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per cross section were profoundly reduced except number of QA reducing reaction centers (RCs) per PSII antenna chlorophyll (RC/ABS). It was illuminated that at least 6 parameters related with quantum yield/efficiency and specific energy fluxes (per active PSII RC) could be applied to be used as the drought stress index. Furthermore, in the combination of parameters, driving forces (DF) for photochemical activity could be deduced from the performance index (PI) for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII antenna until the reduction of PSI acceptors. In conclusion, photochemical responses and their related parameters can be used as physiological DFI.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.346-352
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• 2014

본 연구는 겨울철 약광기 파프리카의 안정적 생산을 위한 보광 효과를 구명하고자 수행하였다. 보광 램프로는 고압나트륨(high pressure sodium, HPS)과 Lighting Emitting Plasma (LEP)를 이용하였다. 두 광원 램프로부터 수직으로 떨어진 거리가 증가함에 따라 광량자속밀도(PPFD)는 감소하였다. 동일 거리별 PPFD는 LEP 램프에서 HPS 램프보다 2배 정도 높았지만, 거리 증가에 따른 감소율은 HPS 램프에 비해 LEP 램프에서 상당히 높았다. 수직 거리 100cm 지점에서 횡으로의 거리에 따른 두 광원 간 PPFD 차이는 수직 거리에 따른 차이보다 적었다. 1월 동안 보광 처리에 따른 식물체 정단부의 PPFD 측정 결과, 무처리구에 비해 HPS 보광 처리구에서는 137%, LEP 보광 처리구에서는 315%로 보광에 따른 유효 광량은 뚜렷하게 증가하였다. 그러나 식물체 정단부의 온도는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 보광 처리 20주째까지 파프리카의 착화를 증가시키는 데에 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 엽장과 엽폭은 LEP 처리구에서 가장 길었고 광합성률도 가장 높았다. 수확과실의 무게는 무처리구에 비해 보광 처리구들에서 무거웠고, LEP 보광 처리는 과장과 과고를 증가시키는 데에 효과를 나타내었다. 3회에 걸쳐 수확된 과실수는 HPS 보광 처리구나 무처리구에 비해 LEP 보광 처리구에서 많았다. 따라서 겨울철 약광기 파프리카의 생육 및 생산성을 증대시키는 데에는 LEP 광원을 이용한 보광 효과가 인정되나, 차후 현장에 적합한 LEP 광원의 활용 방법에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2020

군락 광합성 모델의 도출을 위하여 생육 챔버가 필요하며, 이를 위한 광합성의 효율적인 측정 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 내부 환경 제어가 가능한 생육 챔버를 이용하여 광도 및 이산화탄소 농도 변수를 갖는 로메인상추(Lactuca sativa L.)의 군락 광합성 곡선을 도출하는 방법을 확립하는 것이다. 실험에 사용한 상추는 식물공장 모듈에서 재배되었으며, 군락 광합성을 측정하기 위하여 아크릴로 제작된 생육 챔버(1.0x0.8x0.5m)를 이용하였다. 첫 번째로, 다음의 두 방법을 적용하여 측정된 군락 광합성 속도를 통해 각 방법의 시정수를 계산하여 비교하였다. 즉, 1) CO₂ 농도를 고정(1,000μmol·mol^-1) 하고 광도를 변화(340, 270, 200, and 130μmol·m^-2·s^-1) 시키거나, 2) 광도를 고정(200μmol·m^-2·s^-1)하고 CO₂ 농도를 변화(600, 1,000, 1,400, and 1,800μmol·mol^-1) 시켰다. 두 번째로, 1)과 2)의 방식을 적용하여 군락 광합성을 측정했을 때, 특정 광도(200μmol·m^-2·s^-1)와 특정 CO₂ 농도(1,000μmol·mol^-1)에서 측정된 군락 광합성 속도 값을 비교하였다. 실험 결과 CO₂ 농도를 변화시키는 방식의 시정수는 광도를 변화시키는 방식에 비해 3.2배 큰 값을 나타내었다. 광도를 변화시키며 측정할 때 군락 광합성 속도는 1분 이내에 안정되었고, CO₂ 농도를 변화시킬 경우에는 6분 이상의 시간이 소요되었다. 따라서 광도를 변화시키는 측정 방식이 생육 챔버를 이용하여 작물의 군락 광합성 속도를 측정할 때 적합한 방식임을 확인하였다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2002년도 심포지엄
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• pp.29-30
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• 2002

The goal of this research was to develop the effectiveness of in vitro culture method for A. formosanus and study the environment in vitro conditions affecting on growth. The first series of experiments were examined to investigate the response of three different basal media, MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), Knudson (KC; Knudson, 1946) and modified hyponex on growth and multiplication during in vitro culture. Multiple shoot proliferation was induced in shoot tip explants on Hyponex (H3) media supplemented with BA (1 mg1$\^$-1/) or TDZ (1-2 mg1$\^$-1/). Addition of activated charcoal (1%) to the TDZ containing medium promoted rapid shoot tip proliferation (11.1 shoots per explant) but the same medium had an opposite effect resulting in poor proliferation in the nodal explants. However, the regenerated shoots had slow growth rate and failed to elongate. This problem was overcome by transferring the shoot clumps to a hormone free H3 media supplemented with 2% sucrose and 0.5% activated charcoal. Using bioreactor culture for scaling up was also shown the best way for multiple shoot induction and growth of this plant. The second series of experiments was studied to investigate the effect of physical environment factors on growth of in vitro plantlets. The Anoectochilus formosanus plantlets were cultured under different air exchange rate (0.1, 0.9, 1.2h$\^$-1/), without sucrose or supplement 20g.1$\^$-1/ (photoautotrophic or photomixotrophic, respectively), and different photosynthesis photon flux (40, 80, 120 ,${\mu}$mol.m$^2$.s$\^$-1/- PPF). Under non-enrichment CO$_2$ treatment, slow growth was observed in photoautotrophical condition as compared with photomixotrophical condition on shoot height, fresh weigh and dry weight parameters; High air exchange (1.2.h-l) was found to be inadequate for plant growth in photomixotrophical condition. On the contrary, under CO$_2$, enrichment treatment, the plant growth parameters were sharply (visibly) improved on photoautotrophic treatments, especially on the treatment with air exchange rate of 0.9.h-1. The growth of plant in photoautotrophic condition was not inferior compared with photomixotrophic, and the best growth of plantlet was observed in treatment with low air exchange rate (0.9.h-1). Raising the PPF level from 80 to 120${\mu}$mol.m$\^$-2/.s$\^$-1/ decreased the plant height, particularly at 120${\mu}$mol.m$\^$-2/.s$\^$-1/ in photoautotrophic condition, fresh weight and dry weight declined noticeably. At the PPF of 120${\mu}$mol.m$\^$-2/,s$\^$-1/, chlorophyll contents lowed compared to those grown under low PPF but time courses of net photosynthesis rate was decreased noticeably. Light quality mainly affected morphological variables, changes of light quality also positively affected biomass production via changes in leaf area, stem elongation, chlorophyll content. Plant biomass was reduced when A. formosanus were grown under red LEDs in the absence of blue wavelengths compare to plants grown under supplemental blue light or under fluorescent light. Stem elongation was observed under red and blue light in the present experiment. Smaller leaf area has found under blue light than with other lighting treatments. Chlorophyll degradation was more pronounced in red and blue light compared with white light or red plus blue light which consequent affected the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. The third series of experiment were studied to investigate the effect of physical environment factors on growth of ex vitro plants including photosynthesis photon flux (PPF), light quality, growing substrates, electrical conductivity (EC) and humidity conditions. In the present experiments, response of plant on PPF and light quality was similar in vitro plants under photosynthesis photon flux 40${\mu}$mol.m,$\^$-2/.s$\^$-1/ and white light or blue plus red lights were the best growth. Substrates testing results were indicated cocopeat or peat moss were good substrates for A. formosanus growth under the greenhouse conditions. In case of A. formosanus plants, EC is generally maintained in the range 0.7 to 1.5 dS.m-1 was shown best results in growth of this plant. Keeping high humidity over 70% under low radiation enhanced growth rate and mass production.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1999

Because of their small mass, volume, solid state construction and long life, light-emitting diodes(LEDs) hold promises as a lighting source for intensive plant production system. Spectral characteristics and light intensity of LEDs were tested to investigate their feasibility as artificial lighting sources for growth and morphogenesis control in transplant production system. Blue, green, and red LEDs had a peak-emission wavelength at 442nm, 522nm, and 673nm, respectively. Their half width defined as the difference between upper and lower wavelength in the intensity equivalent to 50% of the maximum intensity showed 26nm, 41nm, and 74nm, respectively. Photosynthetic photon flux(PPE) at the distance of 9cm under the LEDs array was measured as $235{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for red, $109{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for green, and $75{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for blue LEDs. At the same distance, green LEDs had the illuminance of 13,0001x, nine to ten times higher than those of red and blue LEDs. Red, green, and blue LEDs at a distance of 9cm had the irradiance of $46W{\cdot}m^{-2},\;19W{\cdot}m^{-2},\;8W{\cdot}m^{-2}$, respectively. Light intensity of blue, green, and red LEDs increased linearly in proportion to the magnitude of the current applied to the operating circuit. Thus the light intensity of LEDs was controlled by the applied current in operating circuit.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.439-445
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• 2017

Transplant production in a plant factory with artificial lighting provides several benefits; (1) rapid and uniform transplant production, (2) high production rate per unit area, and (3) production of disease free transplants production. To improve the growth of runner plants when strawberry transplants are produced in a plant factory, we conducted two experiments to investigate (1) the effect of different light intensity for stock and runner plants on the growth of runner plants, and (2) the effect of different container volume for runner plants on their growth. When the stock and runner plants were grown under nine different light conditions composed of three different light intensities (100, 200, and $400{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPF) for each stock and runner plants, increasing the light intensity for stock plants promoted the growth of runner plants, however, the growth of runner plants was not enhanced by increasing the light intensity for runner plants under same light intensity condition for stock plants. We also cultivated runner plants using plug trays with four different container volumes (21, 34, 73, and 150 mL) for 20 days after placing the stock plants, and found that using plug trays with lager container volume did not enhance the growth of runner plants. These results indicate that providing optimal condition for stock plants, rather than the runner plants, is more important for increasing the growth of the runner plants and that the efficiency of strawberry transplant production in a plant factory can be improved by decreasing light intensity or container volume for runner plants.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 1996

A wind tunnel consisting of two air flow conditioners with polycarbonate pipes, a plant growth room, a suction fan and fan controller, and fluorescent lamps, was designed to investigate the interactions between the growth of plug seedlings under artificial light and their Physical environments. Light transmissivities in the plant growth room based on the photosynthetic photon flux density and photosynthetically active radiation was appeared to be 96.3% and 96.8%, respectively. Measurement showed a uniformity in the vertical profiles of air current speed at the middle and rear regions of plug trays in wind tunnel. This result indicated that the development of a wind tunnel based on the design criteria of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers was adequate. Air current speed inside the plug stand was significantly decreased due to the resistance by the leaves of plug seedlings and boundary layer developed over and below the plug stand. Driving force to facilitate the diffusion of gas inside the plug stand might be regarded as extremely low. Aerodynamic characteristics above the plug stand under artificial light were investigated. As the air current speed increased, zero plane displacement decreased but roughness length and frictional velocity increased. Zero plane displacement linearly increased with the average height of plug seedlings. The wind tunnel developed in this study would be useful to investigate the effects of air current speed on the microclimate over and inside the plug stand and to collect basic data for a large-scale plug production under artificial light in a semi-closed ecosystem.