• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1990년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Korean Ginseng, 1990, Seoul, Korea
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• pp.49-57
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• 1990

It has been well known that extended exposure to reactive oxygens causes severe damage to susceptible biomolecules. In this study, the effects of flavonoids including trifling and kaempferol from Ginseng leaves on single oxygen induced photohemolysis of erythrocytes and free radical scavenging activities were investigated . Each flavonoid aglycone (5-50UM) such as kaempferol, quercetin or baicalein exhibited a high protective effect against the photohemolysis. They protected the cells by scavenging 102 and free radicals. Although the free radical scavenging activities of the flavonoid glycosides were not much lower than those of their corresponding aglycones, their insolubility into lipid bilayers of membrane made them less effective in preventing the photohemolysis induced by 1O2. The 102 and free radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were estimated by the decomposition of the flavonoid by 1O2 and the bleaching of free radicals by the flavonoid, respectively. The solubilization of the flavonoid into micelle or erythrocytes was deduced from spectrophotometric and microscopic observations. The cooperation of L-ascorbic acid and a flavonoid, and a possible involvement of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase in the photohemolysis mechanism were discussed. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A Meyer, ginseng leaves, flavonoids, singe1 oxygen, Photohemolysis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 1990

It has been well known that extended exposure to reactive oxygens causes severe damage to susceptible biomolecules. In this study, the effects of flavonoids including trifolin and kaempferol from Ginseng leaves on singlet oxygen induced photohemolysis of erythrocytes and free radical scavenging activities were investigated. Each flavonoid aglycone (5-50$\mu$M) such as kaempferol, quercetin or baicalein exhibited a high protective effect against the photohemolysis. They protected the cells by scavenging $^1O_2$ and free radicals Although the free radical scavenging activities of the flavonoid glycosides were not much lower than those of their corresponding aglycones, their insolubility into lipid bilayers of membrane made them less effective in preventing the photohemolysis induced by $^1O_2$. The $^1O_2$ and free radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were estimated by the decomposition of the flavonoid by $^1O_2$ and the bleaching of free radicals by the flavonoid, respectively. The solubilization of the flavonoid into micells or erythrocytes was deduced from spectrophotometric and microscopic observations. The cooperation of L-ascorbic acid and a flavonoid, and a possible involvement of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase in the photohemolysis mechanism were discussed.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-36
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• 1989

The protective effects of 24 flavonoids against singlet oxygen - induced photohemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes were investigated and compared with their antioxidant activities. 1. All the flavonoid aglycons investigated besides flavone and 7,8-benzoflavone showed tad dose-dependant Protective effects. Especially galagin showed the most Pronounced effect under the experimental condition. 2. The order of the radical-scavenging activities of flavonoids was as follow (-)-EGCG > flavonols > flavonols > flavones > flavanonols. The radical-scavenging activities of flavonoid glycosides were not different from those of their aglycons. 3. When added after irradiation, flavonoids did not alter the photohemolysis pattern of control. In this study, several antioxidant were found and it was newly found that Photohemolysis experiment is a convenient, reproductive diagnostic method in the screening and researching the compound which has antioxidant activity or protective effect on cell membrane against active oxygen species.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1990

The major flavonoid component of Ginseng leaf is trifolin, a glycoside of kaempferol. To evaluate the antioxidative properties of trifolin and kaempferol on cellular membranes, we compared them with the other flavonoids through the 102-Induced photohemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes. All the flavonoid aglycones including kaempferol, quercetin and baicalein protected effectively the cells from the 102-caused damage in a dose- dependent manner, by scavenging 102 and free radicals in the cellular membranes. The solubilization of the flavonoid aglycones into micelles or erythrocyte membranes was deduced from spectro-photometric and microscopic observations. The flavonoid glycosides were not protective or less protective than their corresponding aglycones, and trifolin was the only glycoside that exhibited a solubilization into the membranes and a significant protection against the photohemolysis. We also tested some phenolic compounds contained in Ginseng, and found that they did not prevent the photohemolysis so effectively as kaempferol or trifolin.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.188-192
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• 2002

소염효과를 나타내는 생약 15종을 선별하여 이들 생약 추출물이 Chloropromazine에 의한 UVB 광독성에 미치는 영향을 in vitro 실험법 중 Candida albicans test, RBC photohemolysis, MTT assay에 의한 cytotoxicity 측정법의 방법을 이용하여 조사하였다. Candidal albicans teat에 의해 광독성의 광량 및 화학물질 의존성을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 광독성 억제 효과를 검색하기에 적당한 UVB조사량 및 CPZ농도는 2.1 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 0.6mg인 것으로 생각되었다. Candida albicans test에 의해 CPZ에 의한 UVB 광독성에는 P. persica, E. officinalis가 억제효과를 보임을 알 수 있었으며, RBC photohemolysis 결과 모든 생약시료들에 대해 hemolysis가 감소되었으며, 특히, Yeast, P. suffruticosa에 의한 % hemolysis는 34.42$\pm$1.01, 35.30$\pm$4.7로 유의성 있는 억제효과를 나타냄을 관찰할 수 있었다. MTT assay에 의한 cytotoxicity 측정 결과, UVB 조사에 이하여 세포생존율은 감소되었고, 시료처리시 세포생존율은 증가됨을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.232-237
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• 1998

광독성 및 광알러지를 일으키는 물질인 phenothiazine계 약물중 chlopromazine(CPZ), perphenazine(PPZ), trifluoperazine(TFZ), promethazine(PMZ)을 택하여 적혈구에서의 광용혈현상을 Kahn 등의 방법에 의하여 UVB(UV irradiation RMX-3W, $1.5\;J/\textrm{cm}^2$)을 조사하여 약물 농도별로 측정한 결과 CPZ, PPZ은 UVB 조사에 의해 약물농도에 따라 현저히 적혈구 용혈현상이 증가 되었으며 이는 ascorbic acid에 의해 유의성 있게 감소되었고, 각 약물의 광독성 물질 생성 여부와 이에 의한 용혈독성을 조사해 보니 CPZ, PMZ에서 관찰되었고 ascorbic acid에 의해 그 현상이 감소되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.510-518
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• 2003

자외선에 노출된 피부에서 생성된 활성산소종에 의한 산화적 스트레스는 세포 구성 성분들을 손상시키고 궁극적으로는 피부 광노화 및 발암을 야기시킬 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 대두(Glycine max MERRILL)의 성분인 genistein(4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone)을 포함하는 몇 가지 천연 황산화제들에 대하여 로즈벵갈로 증감된 사람 적혈구의 광용혈에 대한 보호효과를 조사하였다. Genistein$(10-100\;{\mu}M)$은 농도-의존적으로 광용혈을 억제하였다. 그리고 지질 과산화 연쇄반응의 차단제인 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol보다도 더 효과적이었다. 그러나, Genitein의 배당체인 genistin, 소용성 항산화제인 L-ascorbate, 철-킬레이트제인 sodium phytate는 광용혈에 대하여 보호 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 오히려 보다 높은 농도$(500\;{\mu}M)$에서는 L-ascorbate와 sodium phytate 모두 광용혈을 촉진시켰다. 반면, $^1O_2$ 소광제로 알려진, ${\alpha}$-carotene 3,3'-diol은 현저한 보호 효과를 보여주었다. 이 결과는 로즈벵갈로 증감된 광용혈에 있어서 $^1O_2$이 중요함을 가리킨다. Luminol-의존성 화학발광법을 이용하여, $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ 계에서 생성된 ROS에 대한 몇가지 천연 항산화제들의 ROS 소거활성을 측정하였다. 활성 산소 소거활성$(OSC_{50})$의 크기는 sodium phytate > L-ascorbate>${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin순이었다. Gnistein, genistin, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, L-ascorbate 및 sodium phytate의 활성산소 소거활성$(OSC_{50})$은 각각 41.0, 109.0, 9.0, 5.2, 및 $0.56{\mu}M$이었다. Free radical 소거활성$(FSC_{50})$의 크기는 L-ascorbate > ${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들은 genistein이 $^1O_2$ 혹은 다른 ROS를 소거함으로써 그리고 ROS에 대항하여 세포막을 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 태양 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가리킨다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Signal transduction in Toxicology
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• pp.117-117
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to assess a possible alternative method as replacement for in vivo phototoxicity test. The 3T3 mouse fibroblast neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay (3T3 NRU PT assay) is a screening method for studying DNA or cellular damage. Photohemolysis assay is a mechanistic study for investigating oxygen-dependent membrane damage.(omitted)

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2002

The phototoxicity inhibitory activity of 15 natural products having antiinflammatory effect was screened by three in vitro methods: yeast growth inhibition test with Candida albicans, RBC photohemolysis and MTT assay. We induced phototoxic reaction by irradiating UVA (365 nm) on chlorpromazine (CPZ) that has been widely documented as phototoxic agent in clinical and experimental studies and then observed the effects of the natural products after treating them with CPZ. In yeast growth inhibition test, X. stramonium showed the inhibitory effect on the UVA phototoxicity and E. officinalis, Yeast, P. suffruticosa showed phototoxicity inhibitory effect in that their ％ hemolysis compared with control were 36.14${\pm}$ 2.69, 42.82${\pm}$1.35, 36.41${\pm}$0.48 on UVA. In MTT assay, all tested natural products increased cell viability compared with the control.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.106-111
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• 1990

The isolation and identification of an antibacterial component, from the leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera. K. Kotch against a cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176, were carried out for developing of anticariogenic agents. The bioactive component was elucidated as ${\beta}-liriodenolide$, which was isolated newly from the leaves of L. tulipifera. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ${\beta}-liriodenolide$ was $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ and the antibacterial activity was stronger than that of berberine. ${\beta}-Liriodenolide$ inhibited ${\beta}-lactamase$ activity, 50, 100 and $200\;{\mu}M$ ${\beta}-liriodenolide$ did ${\beta}-lactamase$ activity as 0.7, 3.5 and 19.7%, respectively. The toxicity of ${\beta}-liriodenolide$ was not found with the method of photohemolysis.