• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.220-232
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 VCS의 지연추적과 프린지 회전 모듈의 문제로 인한 상관결과에 대해 고찰한다. VCS는 FX 형식의 상관기로서 도플러 효과에 의한 전체로부터 도달하는 신호의 지연시간과 프린지 위상을 보정하기 위해 지연추적과 프린지 회전 모듈을 채용하고 있다. 관측데이터는 상관기에서 지연추적과 프린지 회전을 통하여 위상정보도 함께 보정되는데, AIPS에서 상관기보다 장시간의 상관적분을 수행함에 따라 위상이 안정되지 않은 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 상관결과의 해석에서 Delay 값이 정상보다 수십 nsec 정도 오차가 발생하였다. 또한 프린지 회전모듈에서 프린지 초기위상을 결정하지 않아서 상관결과의 위상이 FFT segment 단위로 연결되지 않는 것도 확인하였다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해 지연추적 모듈과 프린지 회전 모듈의 경우 위상보정을 담당하는 모듈의 부호가 반대로 동작하는 것과 관측데이터의 초기위상을 사용하도록 수정하였다. 그리고 프린지 회전 파라미터 계산모듈에 오류가 있는 것을 발견하여 VCS의 로직을 담당하는 프로그램을 개선하였다. 이상의 문제점들에 대해서 상관처리 실험을 통하여 본 논문에서 수정 제안한 알고리즘들이 데이터 해석결과에서 정확함을 확인하여, 개발한 VCS 하드웨어 상관기가 정상적으로 동작하는 것을 확인하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.231-234
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• 2006

The cancellation performance of a linearization loop is limited by the degree of an amplitude imbalance and a phase imbalance. A delay mismatch causes a phase variation as a function of frequency. Therefore, the cancellation performance and linearization bandwidth are limited by a delay mismatch. The expression for the effects of an amplitude imbalance, a phase imbalance, and a delay mismatch on the characteristics of a linearization loop is derived and analyzed. The simulation results are compared with the results obtained by means of using a commercial simulation tool and the exact agreement is reported. The derived equation could be used in designing a linearization loop and predicting the cancellation performance of the linearization loop usefully. Some useful characteristics, known from the simulation results obtained by using the derived equation, of a linearization loop for designing and implementing feedforward amplifiers are described in detail.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2021

This study proposes a method to reduce the phase error of the received signal to detect the object bearing. The phase shift of the received signal occurs due to the multipath of the signal by natural structure or artificial structures. When detecting the direction of the object using radio waves, the phase of the received signal cannot be accurately detected because of the phase bearing error in the object detection direction. The object detection direction estimation depends on the phase difference, antenna installation distance, signal source wavelength, frequency band and bearing angle. This study reduces the error of the phase bearing by using the phase delay of the relative phase difference for the signals incident on the two antennas. Through simulation, we analyzed the object direction detection performance of the proposed method and the existing method. Three targets are detected from the [-15°, 0°, 15°] direction. The existing method detects the target at [-13°, 3°, 17°], and the proposed method detects the at [-15°, 0°, 15°]. As a result of the simulation, the target detection direction of the proposed method is improved by 2 degrees compared to the existing method.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.433-455
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• 2013

A phase delay spectrum model towards the representation of spatial coherence of stochastic wind fields is proposed. Different from the classical coherence functions used in the spectral representation methods, the model is derived from the comprehensive description of coherence of fluctuating wind speeds and from the thorough analysis of physical accounts of random factors affecting phase delay, building up a consistent mapping between the simulated fluctuating wind speeds and the basic random variables. It thus includes complete probabilistic information of spatial stochastic wind fields. This treatment prompts a ready and succinct scheme for the simulation of fluctuating wind speeds, and provides a new perspective to the accurate assessment of dynamic reliability of wind-induced structures. Numerical investigations and comparative studies indicate that the developed model is of rationality and of applicability which matches well with the measured data at spatial points of wind fields, whereby the phase spectra at defined datum mark and objective point are feasibly obtained using the numerical scheme associated with the starting-time of phase evolution. In conjunction with the stochastic Fourier amplitude spectrum that we developed previously, the time history of fluctuating wind speeds at any spatial points of wind fields can be readily simulated.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

Cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as one of effective methods to enhance the utilization of existing radio spectrum. Main principle of CR is that secondary users (SUs) are allowed to use the spectrum unused by primary users (PUs) without interfering PU's transmissions. In this paper, PUs operate on a slot-by-slot basis and SUs try to exploit the slots unused by PUs. We propose OSA protocols in the single channel and we propose an opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) protocols in the multi-channel cognitive radio networks with one control channel and several licensed channels where a slot is divided into contention phase and transmission phase. A slot is divided into reporting phase, contention phase and transmission phase. The reporting phase plays a role of finding idle channels unused by PUs and the contention phase plays a role of selecting a SU who will send packets in the data transmission phase. One SU is selected by carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) with request to send / clear to send (RTS/CTS) mechanism on control channel and the SU is allowed to occupy all remaining part of all idle channels during the current slot. For mathematical analysis, first we deal with the single-channel case and we model the proposed OSA media access control (MAC) protocol by three-dimensional discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) whose one-step transition probability matrix has a special structure so as to apply the censored Markov chain method to obtain the steady state distribution.We obtain the throughput and the distribution of access delay. Next we deal with the multi-channel case and obtain the throughput and the distribution of access delay by using results of single-channel case. In numerical results, our mathematical analysis is verified by simulations and we give numerical results on throughput and access delay of the proposed MAC protocol. Finally, we find the maximum allowable number of SUs satisfying the requirements on throughput and access delay.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.77-97
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• 1994

The circadian system represents a temporal order which is mediated by the mutual coupling of oscillators and by the synchronizing effects of zeitgebers. It is known that well-being of man depends partly on the maintenance of this order, and that repeated or long lasting disturbances to it such as shift work will Cause harmful effects. This study was a quasi-experimental study to test the effect of shift directions for the clinical nurses on the circadian rhythm. Fourteen nurses working at the general units of Y hospital were selected according to the established criteria. Fourteen subjects were assigned to a weekly shift but the directions of shift work were phase delay first and then phase advance or vice versa. Oral temperature, total sleeping time, frequency of sleep-wake cycle, fatigue, mental performance, and physical symptom were measured during these days except holidays. The data collection period was from April 26, 1993 to July 3, 1993. MANOVA and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Having worked on evening and night shifts in either phase delay or phase advance schedules, temperature rhythms of shift workers were gradually adapted to the new sleep-wake cycles. A complete adaptation to work on the night shift was achieved the sixth day of the night shift in the phase delay schedule compared to the partial adaptation to the work on the night shift in the phase advance schedule. Accordingly, by putting evening shift between day and night shifts, it will be possible for circadian rhythm to adapt easily to the night shift. 2. There were differences in the total sleeping time, frequency of steep-wake cycle, fatigue, and physical symptom except for mental performance between night shift and day, evening shift. This indicates further that shift workers working on the night shift have a hard time adapting to the shift work compared to the other shifts. 3. Evaluating all the acrophases of temperature rhythm either in phase delay or phase ad-vance schedules, it was shown that night to evening shift in the phase ad-vance schedule revealed the smallest phase move. Also phase advance schedule showed poorer adaptation to shift work than phase delay schedule in connection with total sleeping time, frequency of sleep-wake cycle, fatigue, mental performance, and physical symptom. It is suggested, taken together, these findings reflect that phase delay schedule facilitated the degree of adjustment to the shift work compared to the phase advance schedule.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제28권7A호
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• pp.537-546
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 ISM(5GHz)대역에서 동작하는 개구 결합 원 편파 패치 안테나를 제안하고 단일 원 편파 패치 안테나에 광대역성과 원 편파의 특성을 향상시키기 위해 0$^{\circ}$, 90$^{\circ}$, 180$^{\circ}$, 270$^{\circ}$와 0$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$, 90$^{\circ}$, 135$^{\circ}$의 서로 다른 위상 지연을 갖는 시퀀셜 로테이션 배열 방법을 사용하여 각각 2$\times$2 안테나로 설계하여 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 90$^{\circ}$와 45$^{\circ}$의 위상 지연을 갖는 시퀀셜 로테이션 배열 2$\times$2 안테나가 광대역 특성과 축비가 개선됨을 확인하였다. 또한 45$^{\circ}$의 위상 지연을 갖는 시퀀셜 로테이션 배열 2$\times$2 안테나가 90$^{\circ}$의 위상 지연을 갖는 시퀀셜 로테이션 배역 2$\times$2 안테나에 비해 임피던스 대역폭과 축비 특성이 개선되었음을 검증하였다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.484-492
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• 2015

This paper proposes a PWM phase-shift circuit to make that the LED lighting system distributes the channel currents evenly for any number of LED strings by generating evenly phase-shifted PWM signals for multiple LED driver ICs. The evenly distributed channel currents reduce the peak current, the decoupling capacitor size, and EMI noise. The PWM phase-shift circuit makes an arbitrary degree of PWM phase-shift by using a resistor and a capacitor. It measures the RC delay once. It reduces the number of external resistors and capacitors by providing zero and 180 degree phase-shift modes requiring no resistor and capacitor. An LED driver IC with the PWM phase-shift circuit was fabricated with a $0.35{\mu}m$ BCDMOS process. The PWM phase-shift circuit receives a PWM signal of 50 Hz~20 kHz at $f_{CLK}=450kHz$ and it generates a $0{\sim}360^{\circ}$ phase-shifted PWM signal with $R=0{\sim}1.1M{\Omega}$ at C=1 nF and $f_{PWM}=1kHz$. The measured phase errors are 1.74~3.94% due to parasitic capacitances.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.269-281
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 루프 군지연을 이용하여 저위상 잡음을 갖는 5 GHz 전압제어 유전체 공진기 발진기(VTDRO: Voltage Tuned Dielectric Resonator Oscillator)의 체계적인 설계를 제안하였다. 설계된 발진기는 폐루프 구조로 공진부, 위상천이부, 증폭부로 구성된다. 먼저 기준 전압제어 유전체 공진기 발진기를 제작하고, 루프 군지연을 측정 후, 전기적 주파수 조정 범위 및 위상 잡음을 측정하였다. 기준 전압제어 유전체 공진기 발진기의 측정 결과로부터, 루프 군지연만 조정될 경우 새로운 전압제어 유전체 공진기 발진기의 전기적 주파수 조정 범위 및 위상 잡음을 수식적으로 예측할 수 있다. 루프군지연이 높을수록 위상 잡음은 개선되고, 전기적 주파수 조정 범위는 좁아지게 된다. 이러한 루프 군지연은 주로 공진부에 의해 결정된다. 따라서 높은 군지연 특성을 갖는 공진부 설계방법의 체계적인 절차를 제안하였다. 측정 결과, 루프군 지연은 약 700 nsec를 보였다. 또한, 5 GHz의 발진 주파수에서 위상 잡음은 수식으로부터 도출한 값과 근사한 100 kHz offset 주파수에서 -154.5 dBc/Hz를 얻었다. 전기적 주파수 조정 범위는 0~10 V의 조정 전압에서 448 kHz를 보였으며, 출력 전력은 약 4.39 dBm을 보였다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.415-422
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• 2013

White-light phase-shifting interferometry (WLPSI) is widely recognized as a standard method to measure shapes with high resolution over a long distance. In practical applications, WLPSI, however, is associated with some degree of ambiguity of its phase, which occurs due to a phase delay, which is the offset between the phase of the fringes and the fringe envelope peak position. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for the determination of a fringe order suitable for samples in which the phase delay mainly occurs due to noise, diffraction and a steep angle. The concepts of the decouple factor and the connectivity are introduced and a method for calculating the decouple factor and the connectivity is developed. With the phase-unwrapping procedure which considers these values, it is demonstrated that our algorithm determines the correct fringe order. To verify the performance of the algorithm, a simulation was performed with the virtual step height under noise. Some specimens such as step height standard and a column spacer with a steep angle are also measured with a Mirau interference microscope, after which the algorithm is shown to be effective and robust.