• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.416-423
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• 2003

During the last ten years, the need has been increased for reducing maintenance cost for aged equipments and ensuring safety, efficiency and profitability of petrochemical and refinery plants. RBI (Risk Based Inspection) methodology is one of the most promising technologies satisfying the need in the field of integrity management. In this study, a user-friendly software, realRBl for RBI based on the API 581 code was developed. This software has modules for evaluating qualitative and semi-quantitative risk level, analyzing quantitative risks using the potential consequences of a failure of the pressure boundary, and assessing the likelihood of failure. A quantitative analysis was performed for 16 columns in a domestic NCC (Naphtha Cracking Center) plant whose operating time reaches about 12 years. Each column was considered as two equipment parts by dividing into top and bottom. Generic column failure frequencies were adjusted based on likelihood data. After determining release rate, release duration and release mass for each failure scenario, flammable/explosive and toxic consequences were assessed. Current risks for 32 equipment parts were evaluated and risk based prioritization were determined as a final result.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.445-454
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• 1995

The petrochemical data of the porphyritic granites of Cretaceous age in the Yonghwa-Seolcheon area show the trend of subalkaline magma, calc-alkaline magma, I-type granitoid and magnetite series. This granite is the relevant igneous rock of gold-silver mineralization in this mining district Fluid inclusions have been studied in phenocryst quartz from the Cretaceous porphyritic granite. Three main types of fluid inclusion were found : liquid-rich inclusion(I type), gas-rich inclusion(II type) and solid-bearing inclusions(III-A, III-B). The solid-bearing inclusions(III-A,B) represent the earliest trapped fluids. They have salinities between 41.0 and 67.5 wt% equivalent to NaCl. These are high saline inclusions containing NaCl and KCl daughter crystals. Homogenization temperature inferred from the fluid inclusion study ranges from 650 to $75^{\circ}C$ Type I and II inclusions were observed within the same fracture. This cause for these differences in degree of filling is evidence of boiling. Salinities of type I and II inclusions range from 9.87 wt% to 15.29 wt%, from 8.40 wt% to 14.64 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively.

• Plant Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2012

The current dual-watchdog estimation system has individually calculated the construction, the engineering and the procurement cost. The dual-watchdog estimation system is inefficient and prolonged estimation period because of the lack of the interoperability and the difference of material unit cost and construction unit cost. In order to resolve this problem, new estimation software was developed. The estimation software is developed by making up for the weak points in existing estimation method. The cost data with the same standard is the key point. And this software enhanced accuracy and speed of the data search in stylized estimation standard. A summary of the construction, the engineering and the procurement cost was generated in this estimation software. The unit rate about the labor cost, equipment and expense through a sheet was handled. The developed estimation software has five categories on engineering cost, procurement cost, construction cost and subcontractor management sheet. In this study, the estimation software to supplement the faults of the existing estimation method was developed. And estimation software on petrochemical projects increases an efficiency of the estimation work.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1252-1252
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility to characterize and classify waxes applied on some type of cheeses to obtain good stability during handling and transportation. Generally, waxes are obtained from the petrochemical industry, nowadays there is the possibility to also use biodegradable waxes produced from microorganisms. Preliminary studies were carried out to optimize sample presentation in NIR analysis, such as melting conditions (influence of temperature) and coat thickness of wax. 12 waxes (biodegradable or not) were analysed by using an InfraAlyzer 500 (Bran+Luebbe). The sample size was performed cutting pieces of 1.5 cm (height) x 1.5 cm (width) x 1.5 mm (thickness), previously melted at 9$0^{\circ}C$. NIR spectra were collected at room temperature, and data were processed by Sesame Software (Bran+Luebbe) to evaluate qualitative differences among samples by cluster analysis. Waxes were gathered on the basis of their origin (petrochemical or microbial). To better understand the significance of the NIRS bands discriminating among waxes, a two-dimensional correlation with FT-IR spectra, collected by a FT-IR/ATR 420 (JASCO) instrument, was made using 2DCORR program (Galactic Industries). On the basis of its classification power, NIRS appears to be a promising tool when used in routine analysis for a qualitative control of raw materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.9 no.3 s.28
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• pp.15-20
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• 2005

Recently, Environmental and Safety Management is approaching in order to reduce the loss cost of accidents in effect, efficiency, excellency. In the side that is a large production enemy of the industrialization times, Most companies are focused on decreasing the loss that can let their companies grow healthily than a productivity improvement. The this study analyzed a matter asked f3r basic requirements and continuous development of ISO14001, OHSAS18001, PSM, Responsible Care operating in petro-chemical industries basically, and developed a LCMCI(the Loss Control Management system for Continuous Improvement of the Petro-chemical Industries) fer continuous development of petro-chemical companies in order to be able to continuously manage a loss.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.105-123
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• 1990

Igneolls rocks of the Hamyang area consist of Hamyang foliated granites and hornblende diorite. Hamyang foliated granites are classified into four rock types in terms of mineral composition and texture. The four rock types are foliated hornblende biotite granodiorite, foliated porphrytic granodiorite, foliated fine biotite granodiorite and foliated leuco granite. Petrochemical data of these rocks suggest that Hamyang foliated granites is calc-alkali rock series of differentiated products of cogenetic magma by fractional crystallization. Igneous rocks of studied area correspond to I-type, peraluminous and calc alkali rock series. Rb-Sr age and $Sr^{87}/Sr^{86}$ initial ratio for foliated prophrytic granodiorite is $200{\pm}Ma$and $0.711{\pm}0.0037$, respectively. K-Ar(hornblende) age of hornblende diorite is $179{\pm}9Ma$. These data come to an coincidence with Igneous activity of South Korea which were proposed by O.J. Kim(1975), that is, they correspond to Hamyang foliated granites of products of Songrim Disturbance, and to hornblende diorite of Daebo Orogeny.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.81-91
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• 2000

Residents who live near petrochemical industrial areas are exposed to a variety of petrochemicals, including benzene or benzene-containing liquids. It is a serious concern because some VOCs are carcinogens naturally present in petroleum and gasoline. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to VOCs, measured by personal/indoor/outdoor air sampling, and to estimate the relationship between the air samples and biological monitoring data. Through biological monitoring, we investigated VOCs in blood and s-phenylmercapturic acid (s-PMA) , minor urinary metabolites of benzene. The external benzene exposure of subjects was measured using passive dosimeters and urinary s-PMA and blood-benzene were determined by GC/MS. More than 80% of subjects were detected for m-xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene in blood samples and not detected at all for chloroform, 1 , 1 , 1 -trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. The mean concentration of benzene in the breathing zone of residents was 6.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$, personal, indoor and outdoor concentrations were strongly correlated to each other. s-PMA detected in all subject samples was affected by personal exposure (p< 0.05) and the level was different by age (p< 0.01). Blood benzene was not affected by external benzene during these periods .

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.130-136
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• 2009

Estimation of mortality behavior of a industrial property are useful for calculating depreciation and making management decisions relating to property. The common methods of computing depreciation require an estimation of service life, and some methods may require an estimate of life expectancy. Estimation of service life and life expectancy can be computed from a smoothed and extended life table of original life tables developed through life analysis techniques. Several actuarial techniques are available to construct a life table for depreciation application. Of these methods, the graphic approach and graduation by mathematical formula are the most widely used in the field of depreciation. A commonly used technique of smoothing and of extending the life table is to fit a lows type survivor curves to the observed retirement rate by the least square method. In this paper, estimates of depreciation rate based on directly observed data of the domestic petrochemical equipments are presented.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2006

Having its roots in medical applications, industrial gamma ray CT has opened up new roads far investigating and modeling industrial processes. Using a line of research related to industrial gamma ray CT, the authors set up a system of single source and detector gamma transmission tomography for wood timber and a packed bed phantom. The hardware of the CT system consists of two servo motors, a data logger, a computer, a radiation source and a radiation detector. One motor simultaneously moves the source and the detector for a parallel beam scanning, whereas the other motor rotates the scan table at a preset projection angle. The image is reconstructed from the measured projections by the filtered back projection method. The phantom was designed to simulate a cross section of a packed bed with a void. The radiation source was 20mCi of Cs-137 and the detector was a 1 inch $\times$ 1 inch NaI (TI) scintillator shielded by a lead collimator. The experimental gamma ray CT image has sufficient resolution to reveal air holes and the density distribution inside the phantom. The system could possibly be applied to a packed bed column or a pipe flow in a petrochemical plant.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

We confirmed that poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber had the possibility to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) by fabricating PP/PET fiber composites because PET enhanced mechanical properties and higher melting temperature than PP. But lower compatibility of between PP and PET fibers induced poor mechanical properties of PP/PET fiber composites in spite of incorporating PP-g-MAH as compatibilizer. To solve these problems of PP/PET fiber composites, we carried out a surface treatment on PET fiber using NaOH solution and Prepared PP/PET fiber composites with good mechanical properties by adding PP-g-MAH as a compatibilizer Then the behavior of the mechanical properties was correlated with the results obtained from SEM and IR spectroscopy.