• Journal of KIEE
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2000

In this paper, a design method of a controller is presented for a class of nonlinear systems which have time-varying parametric uncertainly. Some features of this controller are that it can tackle 1) nonlinear parametrization(i.e. uncertain parameters enter the system in the nonlinear form) and 2) nonvanishing peturbation (i.e. uncertainty need not vanish at the origin). The class of systems considered in this paper has the triangular structure for which the well-known backstepping design can be applied. The uncertain parameter is assumed to be contained in the bounded set whose size can be arbitrarily large. Also, the uncertain system are globally uniformly bounded and converge to a compact set whose size is designable. In particular, the first state of the system can be made arbitrarily small, which can be seen by the presented simulation result.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

A I-V and P-V characteristic of solar cell is changed to nonlinear by radiation and temperature. Therefore, to use efficiently PV system, operating point of PV system is must operate at maximum power point always. A performance of conventional the PO and the IC method is depend on the step size. So it has weakness which is must select optimal step size. Also, MPPT control applying PI and fuzzy control is not expected satisfactory performance, because of PI controller has fixed gain and fuzzy control has cumulative error by an integral calculus. Therefore, this paper proposes the VS-PO(Variable Stepsize - Perturbation & Observation) MPPT control that is automatically adjusted the step size according to the operating conditions. The VS-PO MPPT method proposed in this paper analyzes control characteristic about condition of radiation and compares with conventional methods. The validity of this paper proves using this results.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2014

This paper proposes the fuzzy PI controller for maximum power point tracking(MPPT) control of photovoltaic system. The output characteristics of the solar cell are a nonlinear and affected by a temperature, the solar radiation. The MPPT control is a very important technique in order to increase an output and efficiency of the photovoltaic system. The conventional perturbation and observation(PO) and incremental conductance(IC) are the method which finding maximum power point(MPP) by the continued self-excitation vibration, and uses the fixed step size. If the fixed step size is a large, the tracking speed of maximum power point is faster, but the tracking accuracy in the steady state is decreased. On the contrary, when the fixed step size is a small, the tracking accuracy is increased and the tracking speed is slower. Therefore, this paper proposes the MPPT control using the fuzzy PI controller that can be improve a MPPT control performance. The fuzzy PI controller is adjusted a input of PI controller by fuzzy control and compensated a cumulative error of fuzzy control by PI controller. The fuzzy PI MPPT control is compared to conventional PO and IC MPPT method for various temperature and radiation condition. This paper proves the validity of the fuzzy PI controller using these results.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권12호
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• pp.1864-1871
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• 2012

This paper proposes the hybrid proportional integral(HBPI) controller for maximum power point tracking(MPPT) control of photovoltaic system. The output characteristics of the solar cell are a nonlinear and affected by a temperature, the solar radiation and influence of a shadow. The MPPT control is a very important technique in order to increase an output and efficiency of the photovoltaic system. The conventional constant voltage(CV), perturbation and observation(PO) and incremental conductance(IC) are the method which finding maximum power point(MPP) by the continued self-excitation vibration, and uses the fixed step size. If the fixed step size is a large, the tracking speed of maximum power point is faster, but the tracking accuracy in the steady state is decreased. On the contrary, when the fixed step size is a small, the tracking accuracy is increased and the tracking speed is slower. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, this paper proposes HBPI controller that is adjusted gain of conventional PI control using fuzzy control, and the maximum power point tracks using this controller. The validity of the controller proposed in this paper proves through the results of the comparisons.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 1997

The energy saving is one of the most important factors for profit in marine transportation. In order to reduce the fuel oil consumtion the ship's propulsion efficiency must be increased as possible. The propulsion efficiency depends upon a combination of an engine and a propeller. The propeller has better efficiency as lower rotational speed. This situation led the engine manufacturers to design the engine that has low speed, long stroke and a small number of cylinders. Consequently, the variation of rotational torque became larger than before because of the longer delay-time in fuel oil injection process and an increased output per cylinder. As this new trends the conventional mechanical-hydrualic governors for engine speed control have been replaced by digital speed controllers which adopted the PID control or the optimal control algorithm. But these control algorithms have not enough robustness to suppress the variation of the delay-time and the parameter perturbation. In this paper we consider the delay-time and the perturbation of engine parameters as the modeling uncetainties. Next we design the robust servo controller which has zero offset in steady state engine speed, based on H sub($\infty$) control theory. The validity of the controller was investigated through the response simulation. We used a personal computer and an analog computer as the digital controller and the engine (plant) part respectively. And, we could certify that the designed controller maintains its robust servo performance even though the engine parameters may vary.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2006

Helices 4 and 5 of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba $\delta$-endotoxin have been shown to be important determinants for mosquito-larvicidal activity, likely being involved in membrane-pore formation. In this study, the Cry4Ba mutant protein containing an additional engineered tryptic cleavage site was used to produce the $\alpha4$-$\alpha5$ hairpin peptide by an efficient alternative strategy. Upon solubilization of toxin inclusions expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequent digestion with trypsin, the 130-kDa mutant protoxin was processed to protease-resistant fragments of ca. 47, 10 and 7 kDa. The 7-kDa fragment was identified as the $\alpha4$-loop-$\alpha5$ hairpin via N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry, and was successfully purified by size-exclusion FPLC and reversed-phase HPLC. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, the 7-kDa peptide was found to exist predominantly as an $\alpha$-helical structure. Membrane perturbation studies by using fluorimetric calcein-release assays revealed that the 7-kDa helical hairpin is highly active against unilamellar liposomes compared with the 65-kDa activated full-length toxin. These results directly support the role of the $\alpha4$-loop-$\alpha5$ hairpin in membrane perturbation and pore formation of the full-length Cry4Ba toxin.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 비행체 탑재용으로 안테나의 소영화를 위해 GPS용 적층형 폴디드 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나를 제안하였다. 기존의 소형화된 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나는 고비 유전율의 유전체를 이용한 소형화로 유전체 손실에 의해 대역폭이 작아지고 효율저하가 발생하게 된다. 제안된 안테나는 기존의 단점을 보완하는 소형화를 위해 먼저 Rogers사 TMM 10i(비유전율=9.8, 손실탄젠트=0.002) 유전체를 이용하였고, 다음으로 perturbation 효과를 적용시킨 방사소자를 유전체 표면에 폴디드 구조로 구현하였다. 이렇게 GPS $L_1$대역에서 설계된 안테나의 방사소자 크기는 $20.3mm{\times}19.93mm$를 가지며, 기본 반파장 마이크로스트립 패치 원편파 안테나보다 94.2% 소형화 특성을 얻었다. 또한 -10 dB 대역폭의 경우 32.3 MHz(2.05%), 3 dB 축비 대역폭의 경우 6.7 MHz(0.43%)로 측정되었다. 방사패턴 측정 결과 최대이득은 x축 편파에서 0.56 dBi, y축 편파에서 1.23 dBi을 얻었다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 GBAS의 VDB 시스템에 사용되는 4각 배열 다이폴 안테나를 하나의 안테나로 대체할 수 있는 3중 폴디드 무지향성 마이크로스트립 안테나(중심주파수 118 MHz)를 제안하였다. 먼저 λ/2 마이크로스트립 안테나에서 무지향성 방사 패턴을 얻기 위해 λ/4로 폴디드된 안테나를 제작하였으며, 또한 섭동 효과를 이용하여 3중 폴디드 형태의 소형화된 안테나로 변형시켰다. 그 결과, 중심주파수 118MHz 대역에서 S₁₁은 -13.91 dB, -10 dB 대역폭은 1.5 MHz(1.27%)의 특성을 얻었다. 또한, yz-plane, xy-plane에서 E_θ 성분이 전방향성 방사 패턴을 나타내며, 안테나의 크기는 기준안테나 대비 64.2% 소형화를 얻어, 최종적으로 제안된 하나의 안테나로써 GBAS의 VDB용 안테나로써 적합함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.112-119
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• 1997

Coastal sediments collected near the Youngkwang Nuclear Power Plant were analysed for major(Al$_2$O$^_3$, Fe$^_2$O$^_3$, MgO, CaO, Na$^_2$O, K$^_2$O, TiO$^_2$, MnO), trace (Ba, Sr, V, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb) metal, and P$^_2$O$^_5$ contents. The composition of bulk metals from most stations fits within the range as those in the average crustal and sedimentary rocks, suggesting that the anthropogenic perturbation of these components is insignificant. The abundance and distribution of total contents for the majority of metals in the surface sediment could be explained by the grain size and were associated with mud (<63 ${\mu}$m) contents. However, distributions of Ca, K, Sr and Ba did not have any significant association with the sediment grain size. This may be due to the geochemical coherence among these metals in certain minerals abundant in coarse grained fractions. The distribution of Pb appears to be partly affected by the contribution from aerosol fallout. Using the R'-mode factor analysis, we show that the variance of the metal contents could be explained by four factors which account for 93.7% of the total variance. It appears that texturally controlled and/or sorting factors influenced by fine fraction are the most dominant factors which determine the relative abundance and distribution of metals in the study area.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2017

The electric coupling between the lithosphere and the ionosphere is examined. The electric field is considered as a timevarying irregular vertical Coulomb field presumably produced on the Earth's surface before an earthquake within its epicentral zone by some micro-processes in the lithosphere. It is shown that the Fourier component of this electric field with a frequency of 500 Hz and a horizontal scale-size of 100 km produces in the nighttime ionosphere of high and middle latitudes a transverse electric field with a magnitude of ~20 mV/m if the peak value of the amplitude of this Fourier component is just 30 V/m. The time-varying vertical Coulomb field with a frequency of 500 Hz penetrates from the ground into the ionosphere by a factor of ${\sim}7{\times}10^5$ more efficient than a time independent vertical electrostatic field of the same scale size. The transverse electric field with amplitude of 20 mV/m will cause perturbations in the nighttime F region electron density through heating the F region plasma resulting in a reduction of the downward plasma flux from the protonosphere and an excitation of acoustic gravity waves.