• 대한약리학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1975

말정혈관확장제(末精血管擴張劑)인 Ethaverine의 임상효과(임상(臨床效果)는 말초동맥질환(末梢動脈疾患)을 갖인 29명(名)의 당뇨질환자(糖尿疾患者)를 대상으로 이중맹검(二重盲檢) 비교차(非交叉) 방법(方法)에 의(依)하여 연구검토(硏究檢討)하였다. 임상적(臨床的)인 개선(改善)은 간헐성파행증(間歇性跛行症)의 발생빈도(發生頻度)를 포함하는 환노(患老)들의 병역(病歷)으로부터 평가(評價)하였다. Ethaverine을 사주(四週) 치료후(治療後)는 임상증상(臨床症狀)을 개선(改善)하는데 있어 위약(僞藥)에 비(比)하여 효과가 없었다. 어째든 간에 Ethaverine은 위약(僞藥)보다는 혈관확장제(血管擴張劑)로서 효력이 있었다. Ethaverine에 의(依)하여 유발(誘發)되는 혈관확장제(血管擴張劑)의 성질(性質)은 alcohol의 그것과 유사하였다. 말초혈관확장제(末梢血管擴張劑)를 연구(硏究)하는 새로운 임상적(臨床的) 방법(方法)을 제시(提示)하였다. 하지(下肢)의 말초혈관(末梢血管) 동맥질환(動脈疾患)의 임상증상(臨床症狀)은 촉맥강도(觸脈强度)의 감소냉감(減少冷感) 및 피부(皮膚)의 변색(變色)등을 들 수 있다. 간헐성파행증(間歇性跛行症)도 수반하는 수가 있다. 혈관조직(血管組織)에 있어서의 병변(病變)이 이같은 증상(症狀)에 선행(先行)하여 일어나며 위중(危重)한 혈관부전(血管不全)의 입증(立證)은 혈관확장제료법(血管擴張劑療法) 또는 외과적(外科的) 처치(處置)를 택하는데 있어서의 결정적(決定的)인 요인(要因)이 된다. 만성 말초동맥질환(末梢動脈疾患)이 있는 술후환자(術後患者)들도 차후혈관확장제(次後血管擴張劑)의 치료(治療)를 받아야한다. 임상보고((臨床報告)에 의(依)하면 말초혈관확장제(末梢血管擴張劑)는 폐새성(閉塞性) 혈관질환(血管疾患)에 대(對)해서 보다는 혈관경련성(血管痙攣性) 말초혈관장해(末梢血管障害)에 대해서 보다 유효하며 비교적 큰 혈관상(血管床)보다는 작은 모세혈관상(毛細血管床) 일때의 혈관(血管)이 가장 잘 감응(感應)한다고 한다. 최근(最近)에 이르러 말초혈관확장제(末梢血管擴張劑)의 임상(臨床)효과는 수많은 임상연구가(臨床硏究家)들 및 임상의(臨床醫)들의 연구대상(硏究對象)이 되고있다. 본연구(本硏究)에서 연구자(硏究者)들은 혈관경련성말초동맥질환(血管痙攣性末梢動脈疾患)을 갖인 환자(患者)들에 대(對)한 말초혈관확장제(末梢血管擴張劑)로써의 Ethaverine HCl의 임상(臨床)효과를 재평가(再評價)하였다. Ethaverine은 각종임상시험결과(各種臨床試驗結果)에 의(依)하면 항경련제(抗痙攣劑)로서는 papaverine 보다도 2배(倍) 내지 4배(倍)정도 그 약효가 강력(强力)하다고 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2008

목 적: 말초혈액 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포 (natural killer cell)이 증가되어 있는 반복유산 환자들의 탈락막 $CD56^+/CD16^+$ 자연살해세포의 분포를 확인하고 말초혈액자연살해세포의 발현양상과 상관관계가 있는지 확인해 보고자 한다. 연구방법: 반복유산 환자 중 계류유산이 되어 자궁경부확장배출술과 배아 염색체검사를 시행하였던 환자 가운데 배아 염색체검사가 정상이고 말초혈액에서 자연살해세포 중 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포가 증가된 환자들 29명을 대상으로 연구하였으며, 대조군으로는 배아 염색체검사가 비정상인 32명을 선택하였다. 이 환자들의 검체에서 착상부위를 포함한 자궁 탈락막세포를 확인하여 면역조직화학염색을 통해 $CD56^+$와 $CD16^+$ 자연살해세포의 분포를 확인하였다. 면역조직화학염색은 score와 백분율을 구하여 평가하였다. 결 과: 연구군과 대조군의 탈락막조직 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포 score ($43.6{\pm}24.5$ vs. $23.9{\pm}16.3$ P =0.001)와 $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage ($42.1{\pm}11.7$ vs. $33.9{\pm}15.8$ P =0.027)는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그러나 탈락막조직 $CD16^+$ NK cell score ($18.7{\pm}9.5$ vs. $13.2{\pm}39.4$ P =0.108)와 $CD16^+$ 자연살해세포 percentage ($24.7{\pm}5.9$ vs. $23.4{\pm}11.7$ P =0.599)는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 말초혈액자연살해세포가 증가되어 있는 환자군에서 탈락막자연살해세포의 score와 말초혈액자연살해 세포의 백분율간에 직접적인 상관관계는 없었다 (peripheral $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD56^+$ NK cell score, r=-0.016, P =0.932, peripheral $CD16^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD16^+$ NK cell score, r=0.008, P =0.968). 결 론: 본 연구에서는 말초혈액 CD56^+ 자연살해세포가 증가되어 있는 반복유산 환자의 계류유산된 조직에서 탈락막 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포가 증가되어 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 또한 탈락막자연살해세포와 말초혈액자연살해세포의 증가 양상에서는 직접적인 상관관계는 없었다. 이는 탈락막자연살해세포가 반복유산의 면역학적인 기전에서 중요한 역할을 할 것이라는 가능성을 제시하여 준다.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.76-78
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• 2010

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.333-336
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• 2002

This paper purpose design and implementation of system bus for the effective interconnection between peripheral device and 32-bit microprocessor. The designed system bus support general bus protocol. Also, it is optimized for 32-bit microprocessor. It is divided into two system. high performance system bus and Peripheral system bus.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.147-165
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• 2008

IT education can be summarized as persuading the educatee to accept IT. The persuasion is made by delivering the messages for how-to-use and where-to-use to the educatee, which leads formulation of a belief structure for using IT. Therefore, message based persuasion theory, as well as IT acceptance theories such as technology acceptance model(TAM), would play a very important role for explaining IT education. According to elaboration likelihood model(ELM) that has been considered as one of the most influential persuasion theories, people change attitude or perception by two routes, central route and peripheral route. In central route, people would think critically about issue-related arguments in an informational message. In peripheral route, subjects rely on cues regarding the target behavior with less cognitive efforts. Moreover, such persuasion process is not a one-shot program but continuous repetition with feedbacks, which leads to changing a belief structure for using IT. An educatee would get more knowledge and experiences of using IT as following an education program, and be more dependent on a central route than a peripheral route. Such change would reformulate a belief structure which is different from the intial one. The objectives of this study are the following two: First, an identification of the relationship between ELM and belief structures for using IT. Especially, we analyze the effects of message interpretation through both of central and peripheral routes on perceived usefulness which is an important explaining variable in TAM and perceived use control which have perceived ease of use and perceived controllability as sub-dimensions. Second, a longitudinal analysis of the above effects. In other words, change of the relationship between interpretation of message delivered by IT education and beliefs of IT using is analyzed longitudinally. For achievement of our objectives, we suggest a research model, which is constructed as three-layered. While first layer has a dependent variable, use intention, second one has perceived usefulness and perceived use control that has two sub-concepts, perceived ease of use and perceived controllability. Finally, third one is related with two routes in ELM, source credibility and argument quality which are operationalization of peripheral route and central route respectively. By these variables, we suggest five hypotheses. In addition to relationship among variables, we suggest two additional hypotheses, moderation effects of time in the relationships between perceived usefulness and two routes. That is, source credibility's influence on perceived usefulness is decreased as time flows, and argument quality's influence is increased. For validation of it, our research model is tested empirically. With measurements which have been validated in the other studies, we survey students in an Excel class two times for longitudinal analysis. Data Analysis is done by partial least square(PLS), which is known as an appropriate approach for multi-group comparison analysis with a small sized sample as like this study. In result. all hypotheses are statistically supported. One of theoretical contributions in this study is an analysis of IT education based on ELM and TAM which are considered as important theories in psychology and IS theories respectively. A longitudinal analysis by comparison between two surveys based on PLS is also considered as a methodological contribution. In practice, finding the importance of peripheral route in early stage of IT education should be notable.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.407-413
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• 2008

2D-ARRAY chamber를 이용하여 고정형쐐기(Physical wedge filter)와 동적쐐기(Dynamic wedge)의 조사야 주변의 선량을 비교 평가하고자 하였다. 고체팬텀 위에 2D-ARRAY seven 29 (PTW, Germany) chamber를 이용하여 조사야 $10cm{\times}10cm$, SSD 90cm로 고정시키고, 에너지는 6MV와 15MV로 변화시켜 산란선의 영향을 많이 받는 피부 깊이인 5mm 깊이의 조사야 밖 인접 선량을 측정하였다. 고정형 쐐기 $15^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$와 선형가속기에 장착된 동적쐐기의 $15^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$를 측정하여 조사야 끝에서 쐐기의 heel부분과 toe 부분의 1cm되는 지점에서 5cm 지점까지의 1cm 간격으로 주변선량을 비교, 분석하였다. 6MV 에너지는 동적쐐기가 고정형쐐기 보다 조사야 주변 선량이 $0.1{\sim}1.4%$ 정도 모두 낮았다. 15MV 에너지는 조사야에서 근접한 거리에서 동적쐐기의 선량이 $0.4{\sim}0.9%$ 정도 높지만 멀어지면서 급격하게 감소하여 동적쐐기가 최대 1.6% 낮게 측정 되었다. 동적쐐기는 heel부분과 toe부분의 선량차이가 없는 반면 고정형쐐기는 에너지가 높고 쐐기 각도가 클수록 heel부분 보다 toe부분의 선량이 2% 정도 높게 측정되었다. 따라서 동적쐐기를 사용할 경우 치료주위선량을 균일하게 감소시킬 수 있으므로 치료부위와 근접한 표면에 가까운 주요장기의 선량을 최소화 할 수 있었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2007

This study is attempted to correct an error of electronic blood pressure meter with an optical sensor. In general, for a hospitalized patient, ECG, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiration are basically measured to monitor the patient's condition. Opening of a blood vessel after it is occluded by pressurizing the cuff influences the blood flow of peripheral blood vessels as well as oscillation changes in the cuff. Blood vessels are occluded and peripheral blood flow disappears at cuff pressure above the examinee's blood pressure, while blood vessels are opened and peripheral blood flow appears again at cuff pressure under the examinee's blood pressure. Then Disappear-Appear Point Length(DAPL) of peripheral blood flow can be judged with the signal of peripheral blood flow, thus is available as a factor of error correction for electronic blood pressure meter. Also, systolic or diastolic blood pressure can be corrected with Appear-Point-Pressure(APP) of cuff pressure at a point where blood flow occurs and Appear-Maximum Pressure(AMP) of cuff pressure at the maximum amplitude point of peripheral blood flow after peripheral blood flow appears again. For verification, 27 examinees were selected, and their blood value was obtained through experimental procedure of 4 stages including induction of blood pressure change. The examinees were divided into two groups of experimental group and control group, regression analysis was conducted for experimental group, and correction of a blood pressure error was verified with optical signal by applying the regression equation calculated in experimental group to control group. As an experimental result, mean of the whole measurement errors was 5mmHg or more, which did not meet the standard fur blood pressure meter. As a result of correcting blood pressure measurements with data of DAPL, APP, and AMP as drawn out of PPG signal, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were $-0.6{\pm}4.4mmHg,\;-1.0{\pm}3.9mmHg$ and $-1.3{\pm}5.4mmHg$, respectively, indicating that mean of the whole measurement errors was greatly improved, and standard deviation was decreased.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.339-347
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• 2003

The regional distribution and relative frequency of some endocrine cells in the pancreas of the Korean aucha perch, Coreoperca herzi Herzenstein belonging to the family Serranidae in order Perciformis, were observed using specific mammalian antisera against serotonin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) by peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method. The pancreas was divided into four portions (principal and secondary islets, exocrine and pancreatic duct regions). In addition, the pancreatic islet regions were further subdivided into three regions (central, mantle and peripheral regions). Spherical to spindle or occasionally round to oval immunoreactive (IR) cells were demonstrated in the pancreatic islets and exoccrine portions, but no cells were detected in the pancreatic duct portions. In the principal islets, serotonin-IR cells were not detected but most of insulin-IR cells were located in the central regions and they were also demonstrated in the mantle and peripheral regions in moderate and rare frequencies, respectively. Glucagon- and hPP-IR cells were mainly situated in the mantle regions but the cells were also demonstrated in the peripheral regions in relatively lower frequency. Somatostatin-IR cells were evenly distributed in the central and mantle regions in a few frequency and cells were also demonstrated in the peripheral regions in rare frequency. Cell clusters were consisted of hPP-IR cells that were situated in the peripheral to mantle regions. In the secondary islet portions, serotonin-IR cells were randomly distributed throughout the whole pancreatic islet regions but lower frequency was detected in the peripheral regions compared to that in central and mantle regions where cells were detected in a few frequency, respectively. Insulin-IR cells were restricted to the central regions in numerous frequency and glucagon-IR cells were evenly distributed in the mantle and peripheral regions in moderate frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin-IR cells were observed in the central and mantle regions in moderate and a few frequencies, respectively. In addition, hPP-IR cells showed similar distributional patterns to those of glucagon-IR cells except cells were also located in the central regions in rare frequency. In the exocrine portions, only glucagon- and hPP-IR cells were demonstrated in rare and a few frequencies, respectively. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of pancreatic endocrine cells of the Korean aucha perch showed general patterns, which were observed in other teleost. However, some species-dependent different distributional patterns and/or relative frequencies were also demonstrated especially to serotonin-IR cells. In pancreas of the Korean aucha perch, insulin-IR cells were the most predominant cell type followed by glucagon-, somatostatin-, hPP- and serotonin-IR cells.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2001

Background: Although several mechanisms of causalgia, which results from a partial injury to the peripheral nerve trunk, have been proposed, whether or not antidromic impulses from the injured neurons contribute to the development of the mechanical hyperalgesia has not been studied. The purpose of this experiment is was to investigate the role of antidromic impulses to the peripheral sensory receptor site on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Rats were prepared with tight ligation of by tightly ligating the left fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves. The effect of bupivacaine pretreatment on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine (0.3 ml) into the plantar surface of the left hind paw before the skin incision was made. For the control group, normal saline (0.3 ml) was injected instead of bupivacaine. To measure the mechanical hyperalgesia, paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using a series of von Frey hairs. Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured a the day before, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after the surgery. Results: The control group showed decreased withdrawal thresholds from the day after the surgery (the values were $14.0{\pm}0.5$, $8.9{\pm}1.3$, $8.4{\pm}1.6$, $6.9{\pm}1.2$, $8.8{\pm}1.5$, $10.5{\pm}1.3$, and $8.6{\pm}1.3$ g; at -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after the surgery, respectively). However, withdrawal thresholds of the bupivacaine-pretreated group showed increased withdrawal thresholds for three days after the surgery ($14.5{\pm}0.3$, $12.6{\pm}1.4$, $12.7{\pm}1.1$, $10.5{\pm}1.3$ g; at 1, 1, 2, 3 days after the surgery). Conclusions: Our result suggests that antidromic impulses to the peripheral sensory receptors are at least partly responsible for the initial development of mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

목 적: 목적: 2D-ARRAY chamber를 이용하여 고정형쐐기(Physical wedge filter)와 동적쐐기(Dynamic wedge)의 조사야 주변의 선량을 비교하여 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법: 고체팬텀위에 2D-ARRAY seven29 (PTW, Germany) chamber를 이용하여 조사야 10$\times$10, SSD 90 cm로 고정시키고 에너지는 6 MV와 15 MV로 변화시켜 5 mm 깊이의 조사야 밖 선량을 측정하였다. 쐐기필터15$^\circ$, 45$^\circ$동적쐐기와 선형가속기에 장착된 동적쐐기의 15$^\circ$, 45$^\circ$를 측정하여 조사야 끝에서 쐐기의 heel부분과 toe부분의 1 cm 되는 지점에서 5 cm 지점까지의 1 cm 간격으로 주변선량을 비교, 분석하였다. 선량은 최대선량지점에 대한 표면에 근접한 5 mm 깊이와 5 cm 깊이의 백분율로 선량값을 얻었다. 결 과: 6 MV 에너지는 동적쐐기가 고정형쐐기보다 조사야 주변 선량이 0.1$\sim$1.4%정도 모두 낮았다. 15 MV 에너지는 조사야에서 근접한 거리에서 동적쐐기의 선량이 0.4$\sim$0.9%정도 높지만 멀어지면서 급격하게 감소하여 동적쐐기가 최대 1.6% 낮게 측정되었다. 경사각 15$^\circ$와 45$^\circ$에서의 선량차이는 크지 않았으며, 동적쐐기는 heel 부분과 toe부분의 선량차이가 없는 반면 고정형쐐기는 에너지가 크고 쐐기 각도가 클수록 heel부분 보다 toe부분의 선량이 2%정도 높게 측정되었다. 결 론: 동적쐐기와 고정형 쐐기가 조사야 내에서는 같은 선량분포를 갖는 반면 조사야 주변에서는 동적쐐기가 고정형쐐기보다 선량이 낮았다. 따라서 동적쐐기를 사용할 경우 치료주위선량을 감소시킬 수 있으므로 치료부위와 근접한 표면에 가까운 주요장기의 선량을 최소화 할 수 있으며, 치료시간도 단축시킬 수 있었다.