• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.211-221
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• 2006

The aim of present study was to evaluate the influence of periodontal status of adjacent tooth and loading time to the prevalence of red complex of implant sulcus. In 97 patients, partially edentulous subjects with endosseous root-form implants were selected. All subjects were medically healthy and had not taken systemic antibiotics and professional plaque control 3 months before sampling. The number was as follows: clinically healthy implants:161, clinically unhealthy implants:22, clinically healthy adjacent teeth:73, clinically unhealthy adjacent teeth:38. All teeth and implants of each patient were examined probing depth(PD), modified sulcus bleeding index(mSBI), and modified plaque index(mPI), and samples of subgingival plaque were obtained at each site with sterile curet or fine paper points, then the plaque transferred to PBS. Obtained samples were examined for the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relationship among clinical parameters and the colonizations by the 3 bacterial species from adjacent teeth and implants region were analyzed by student t-test (p<0.05). The results of this study were as follows: 1. mPI and mSBI of implant increased with increasing of same indices of adjacent tooth(p=0.03,0.001), but not in the PD . 2. The mPI, mBI, PD of implants was higher when red complex exist. 3. The prevalence of red complex was higher when the periodontal condition is unhealthy. 4. The prevalence of red complex of implants has no significant relation to the probing depth of adjacent tooth. 5. Prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis of implants increased with loading time. (p=0.02,0.018) These results shows the importance of oral hygiene and supportive periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.411-424
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects during subgingival calculus removal using Nd:YAG laser. The study group was consisted of 30 teeth with advanced periodontal disease extracted before the start of periodontal therapy. The specimens were divided into 8 different groups : 1) untreated control 2) scaling and root planing only 3) laser treated using 150mJ/pulse, 1sec, 5sec, contact mode 4) laser treated using 200mJ/pulse, 5sec, contact mode 5) laser treated using 150mJ/pulse, 1sec, non-contact mode 6) laser treated using 200mJ/pulse, 5sec, non-contact mode 7) laser treated using l5OmJ/pulse, 1sec, contact mode with water irrigation 8) laser treated using 200mJ/pulse, 5sec, contact mode with water irrigation. All specimens were prepared for evaluation by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Specimens from Group 2 exhibited a smear layer of scale like texture with parallel instrument tracks resulting from curet use. Specimens treated by contact mode, Group 3 and 4 featured surface changes not observed· in controls such as charring, randomly distributed pitting and crater formation, and melting down of the tooth material and calculus. Specimens treated by noncontact mode, Group 5 and 6 featured similar surface changes observed in contact mode. However, the differences between contact and non-contact groups not significant. Specimens treated by contact mode with water irrigation, Group 7 and 8 featured slight surface change compared to other groups. The results suggested that Nd: YAG laser did not completely remove the subgingival calculus but was possible the application as adjunctive method.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.533-542
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate histologic result of bone substituting material on defects followed tooth extraction. We compare the histologic findings control, DFDBA, Bio-Oss(R), and $Regenafil^{TM}$, Briefly, mandibular premolar teeth were extracted available for bone filling. All alveolar sites were checked after extraction and thoroughly debrided with a dental curet to remove the periodontal ligament. Extraction sites were prepared dehiscence on buccal side 7mm height from alveolar crest. The graft materials were filled into the extraction socket and dehiscenc defects. The animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after implantation. Both treated and control mandibular sites were histologically evaluated with light microscopy. Histologic observation at 12 weeks revealed that control and experimental sites were healed uneventfully and directly apposed to new bone without any adverse tissue reaction. DFDBA and Bio-Ossn(R)sites maintain width of alveolar crest but were not fully resorbed. $Regenafil^{TM}$ sites also maintain width and particles were resorbed more than other graft materials. From this results, it was suggested that $Regenafil^{TM}$ is promising boen substituting materials maintaining the width of alveolar crest and height follewed tooth extraction.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.563-575
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• 2005

The aim of present study is to evaluate the influence of adjacent tooth to the microbiology of clinically healthy implant. Control group included patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with healthy $periodontium(PD{\leq}3mm)$, test group was composed of patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with periodontal pocket(PD>3mm). The criteria of clinically health implant are no pain or discomfort, the restorative suprastructure provide satisfactory fit and function, and the tissue around the fixtures were firm and probing with standard periodontal probe with a rounded tip 0.5mm in diameter resulted in penetration of no more than 5mm when using a force of 0.5N at any location. 38 patients, partially edentulous subjects with endosseous root-form implants were selected. All subjects were medically healthy and had not taken systemic antibiotics and professional plaque control 3 months before sampling. Number of control group is 25(mean age $52{\pm}13$, 26 teeth, 34 implants) and test group is 13(mean age $60{\pm}13$, 13 teeth, 17 implants). All teeth and implants of each patient were examined probing depth(PD), bleeding on probing(BOP), and plaque index(PI), and samples of subgingival plaque were obtained at each site with sterile curet or fine paper points, then the plaque transferred to PBS. Obtained samples were examined for the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The relationship among clinical parameters and the colonizations by the 3 bacterial species from natural teeth and implants region were analyzed by student t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. PD was different in teeth between 2 groups(p<0.05), but the other parameters were not. 2. Statistically significant difference was not found in clinical parameters of implants between 2 groups. 3. All bacterial prevalences of teeth were higher in test group than in control group, and prevalence of T. forsythensis had statistically significant difference between 2 groups(p<0.05). 4. Prevalences of P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis are higher in test group than control group, and that of T. denticola is higher in control group than in test group. But there were no statistically significant differences between 2 groups. In conclusion, there is no statistically significant difference in prevalence of implant microbiology between 2 groups. But if the number of samples increased, it will be possible to find out statistical significance in prevalence of P. gingivalis. It seems that pocket of adjacent tooth influences prevalence of P. gingivalis. These results mean that improvement of the periodontal condition before implantation is very important.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.495-514
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on removal of a root surface smear layer after root planing in comparison with Tetracycline HCl. The 60 extracted human teeth due to severe periodontal disease were vigorously scaled and root planed with Gracey curet. Thirty specimen($5{\times}5{\times}2mm$) were obtained from root planed surface of 30 human teeth and assigned randomly to one of three groups : root planed group(5 specimen), Tetracycline HCI group(5 specimen, burnished for 5 minutes), and Nd:YAG laser group(25 specimen, German Dental Laser, Fotona Twinlight). Nd:YAG laser group was divided into 4 subgroups according to power of 1W, 1.5W, 2W, 3W at frequency to 10Hz. The specimen were then fixed, and examed by Scanning electron microscopic study. 30 of 60 human teeth used to measurement of the intrapulpal temperature rise during laser irradiation. Laser-irradiated surface exhibited various surface texture from relative flat surface to irregular surface with patent dentinal tubules of various shape and size. In some area, the root surface alteration which are carbonization, pit and crater formation and melting and resolidification were observed. The number of exposed dentinal tubules per unit($100_{\mu}m^2$) on tetracycline HCI group was more than that in the laser group below 1.5W of power(150mJ/pulse) and was significantly less than that in laser group above 2W of power(200mJ/pulse)(P<0.OOl). As power increased the intrapulpal temperature rise also increased. The result suggested that the parameter which effectively remove root surface smear layer than tetracycline HCI may cause thermal damage to pulp and root surface alteration result from laser exposure would indicate need for additional instrumentation. Thus, Nd:YAG laser irradiation in these parameter may not be appropriate for clinical use as adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologic result of bone substituting materials on extraction sockets. We compare the histologic findings of control, $MBCP^{(R)}$, $Polybone^{(R)}$. Mandibular premolar teeth of Beagle dogs were extracted available for bone filling. All alveolar extraction sockets were thoroughly debrided with surgical curet to remove the periodontal ligament. The graft materials were filled into the extraction sockets. The animals were sacrified 90 days after implantation. Both treated and control mandibular sites were histologically evaluated with light microscopy. Histological observation at 90 days revealed that control and experimental sites were healed uneventfully without any adverse tissue reaction. Regenerated new bone formation ratio is 34.5% for control, 28.4% for $MBCP^{(R)}$, 23.8% for $Polybone^{(R)}$. From this results, it was suggested that $MBCP^{(R)}$, $Polybone^{(R)}$ are promising bone substituting materials to promote normal tissue healing and new bone formation.