• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.141-156
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• 2009

Through the photometric observations of the near-contact binary, XZ CMi, new BV light curves were secured and seven times of minimum light were determined. An intensive period study with all published timings, including ours, confirms that the period of XZ CMi has varied in a cyclic period variation superposed on a secular period decrease over last 70 years. Assuming the cyclic change of period to occur by a light-time effect due to a third-body, the light-time orbit with a semi-amplitude of 0.0056d, a period of 29y and an eccentricity of 0.71 was calculated. The observed secular period decrease of $-5.26{\times}10^{-11}d/P$ was interpreted as a result of simultaneous occurrence of both a period decrease of $-8.20{\times}10^{-11}d/P$ by angular momentum loss (AML) due to a magnetic braking stellar wind and a period increase of $2.94{\times}10^{-11}d/P$ by a mass transfer from the less massive secondary to the primary components in the system. In this line the decreasing rate of period due to AML is about 3 times larger than the increasing one by a mass transfer in their absolute values. The latter implies a mass transfer of $\dot{M}_s=3.21{\times}10^{-8}M_{\odot}y^{-1}$ from the less massive secondary to the primary. The BV light curves with the latest Wilson-Devinney binary code were analyzed for two separate models of 8200K and 7000K as the photospheric temperature of the primary component. Both models confirm that XZ CMi is truly a near-contact binary with a less massive secondary completely filling Roche lobe and a primary inside the inner Roche lobe and there is a third-light corresponding to about 15-17% of the total system light. However, the third-light source can not be the same as the third-body suggested from the period study. At the present, however, we can not determine which one between two models is better fitted to the observations because of a negligible difference of $\sum(O-C)^2$ between them. The diversity of mass ratios, with which previous investigators were in disagreement, still remains to be one of unsolved problems in XZ CMi system. Spectroscopic observations for a radial velocity curve and high-resolution spectra as well as a high-precision photometry are needed to resolve some of remaining problems.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.381-391
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• 2020

This study aimed to develop reference materials (RMs) for mortar that can simulate the initial flow characteristics with constant quality over a long period. Through the previous research on the development of RMs for cement paste, the combination of limestone, glycerol, and water was used as the basic matrix for developing RMs for mortar in this study. In addition, glass beads of three particle sizes (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm) and ISO standard sand were selected as tentative candidates to derive fine aggregate substitutes. The mixture of glass beads could simulate the initial flow characteristics of mortar, but under the same mixing ratio, replicates showed an unstable tendency to indicate inconsistent values due to the generation of electrostatic properties between materials and equipment. On the other hand, the mixture using ISO standard Sand not only simulates the constant flow characteristics for a long period of time, but also shows stable results with little error in replicates. Therefore, limestone, glycerol, ISO standard sand, and water were finally determined as components that met the required properties of RMs for mortar. The effect of each component on the flow characteristics of RMs was analyzed. It was found that glycerol increased the cohesion between the particles of standard sand, resulting in a constant increase both in the plastic viscosity and yield stress. Both limestone and standard sand had a dominant effect on the yield stress. The relationships between various mortar mixing ratios and the corresponding mixing ratios of RMs were established. In addition, the results of the verification experiment showed that the rheological properties of the RMs obtained through the relationships correlated with various water/cement ratios and the fine aggregate volume fractions of mortar obtained with same manner. In other words, the RMs for mortar developed in this study can be used as standard samples because they can simulate the initial flow characteristics of mortar of various mixing ratios for a long period without any chemical changes.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

Objectives We studied long-term preservation in stability of a mixed preparation of distilled and 70% alcohol extracted Hwangnyunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture to establish standards for expiration date and quality control. Methods Three lots of consecutively prepared Hwangnyunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture were each tested in triplicate to a total 5 tests at 3 month intervals over a period of 12 months for analysis of appearance, pH, specific gravity, index component content, endotoxins, microbial sterility, residual organic solvents, heavy metals, and pesticides. Items with no difference by elapsed time were tested at the initial and final timepoints, and data of items with potential difference by elapsed time were analyzed for trends to establish individual quality control standards. Results All tested items were stable over the study period, and therefore the expiration date was set as 12 months. pH quality control standards were set as 3.66~5.69, and that of specific gravity as 0.802~1.203, respectively. In index component content standards, berberine was set at $4.96{\sim}8.98{\mu}g/vial$, baicalin at $6.47{\sim}10.31{\mu}g/vial$, and geniposide at $116.03{\sim}189.55{\mu}g/vial$, respectively. Standards for other items with no difference by elapsed time were set according to general Korean herbal medicine standards in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Conclusions Manageable expiration date and quality control standards were established through long-term preservation testing of Hwangnyunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture, furthering standardization of Korean medicine pharmacopuncture.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

This paper is based on the design and analysis computing model of oxygen saturation with the pulse oximeter using the integral ratio of pulsating components. In our proposed algorithm. we modeled the transmitted optical signal in fingertip or earlobe to DC component $A_{dc}$ pulsating component $A_a\;Sinwt$, noise component $A_{noise}$ and etc.. To separate the pulsating components and DC components efficiently, we defined the signal average to DC components. Also we presented the way to eliminate the noise using integral ratio. To acquire a linearity of correlation graph for pulsating components ratios and non invasive oxygen saturation. we intensively observed on the oxygen saturations in the range of 75-100% in consideration of the error range of simulator. Also, for real time processing we experimented on changing the period of area calculating cycle from 1 to 6. The functional evaluation of the algorithm is compared with the method using the amplitude ratio of pulsating components frequently seen with pulse oximeter. The result was that our algorithm with 4 cycles of area calculating cycle which considered to be best fit by 1% to the existing method. Moreover r , the decision coefficient showing the correlation of regression graph with real data, proved better result of 0.985 than 0.970.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.230-239
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• 2016

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effect of geographic units of analysis on measuring geographic variation in medical services utilization. For this purpose, we compared geographic variations in the rates of eight major procedures in administrative units (districts) and new areal units organized based on the actual health care use of the population in Korea. Methods: To compare geographic variation in geographic units of analysis, we calculated the age-sex standardized rates of eight major procedures (coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, surgery after hip fracture, knee-replacement surgery, caesarean section, hysterectomy, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging scan) from the National Health Insurance database in Korea for the 2013 period. Using the coefficient of variation, the extremal quotient, and the systematic component of variation, we measured geographic variation for these eight procedures in districts and new areal units. Results: Compared with districts, new areal units showed a reduction in geographic variation. Extremal quotients and inter-decile ratios for the eight procedures were lower in new areal units. While the coefficient of variation was lower for most procedures in new areal units, the pattern of change of the systematic component of variation between districts and new areal units differed among procedures. Conclusions: Geographic variation in medical service utilization could vary according to the geographic unit of analysis. To determine how geographic characteristics such as population size and number of geographic units affect geographic variation, further studies are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1991

Dried seeds of Camellia japonica and Thea sinensis were investigated to determine the nature of their antioxidative activity. Activity was measured by the induction period in the coupled oxidation of a substrate lard and extracts or isolates to be tested. 70% methanol and dichloromethane extracts were found to be antioxidative abilities. Their unsaponifiables revealed weak antioxidative activity, although hexane extracts did not show antioxidative effect on lard. Column chromatography for dlchloromethane extracts gave 4 fractions(only 2 fractions were potent). HPLC was used in isolating potent antioxidative components from the column fractions and the precolumn-passed methanol extracts. They were separated into 7 and 8 components, respectively. The column fractions obtained from both seeds comprised trans-p-coumaric acid. trans-p-ferulic acid and an unknown component with minor components such as chlorogenic acid and catechin. On the other hand, the most prominent components in the methanol extracts were an unidentified component. trans-pcoumaric acid, trans-p-ferulic acid, catechin and chlorogenic acid. The unknown compound isolated from the column fractions and methanol extracts was identified as epicatechin by $^1H-and\;^{13}C-NMR$. The antioxidative activities of these components were epicatechin > catechin > chlorogenic acid > trans-p-ferulic acid > trans-p-coumaric acid.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

Objectives: In an effort to examine the distribution of THMs (Trihalomethane) generated from chlorine disinfection by the drinking water treatment plants located on the east coast region of Gangwon-do, this study surveyed the distribution and concentrations of each component of THMs twice per month for 5 years from 2008 to 2012. Fluctuation pattern in the seasonal generation amount was identified. In addition, the correlation between the concentration of organic substances in water and THMs was assessed, along with stability of purified water quality supplied by the water treatment plants on the east coast by analyzing the composition ratio of each component that constitutes THMs and the detection frequency. Method: The research was done on purified water supplied by 29 water treatment plants in 7 cities and counties (Goseong-gun, Sokcho-si, Yangyang-gun, Gangneung-si, Donghae-si, Samcheok-si, Taebaek-si) located in Gangwon-do on the east coast. Water samples were collected twice a month from 2008 to 2012 and were investigate for chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform, based on analysis through Purge-Trap (Tekmar 3000) devices using FID-attached GC (HP 6890, Hewlett Packard). Result: THMs concentration detected at Gangneung-si was 0.0086mg/L, Goseong-gun 0.0019mg/L, Donghae-si 0.0099 mg/L, Samcheok-si 0.0016 mg/L, Sokcho-si 0.0057 mg/L, Yangyang-gun 0.0027 mg/L and Taebaek-si 0.0038 mg/L. As the THMs composition rate, chloroform constitutes 51.4% followed bybromodichloromethane 22.3%, bromoform 15.2% and dibromochloromethane 11.1% respectively. Conclusion: Throughout the entire THMs survey areas and period, the maximum concentration was 0.072mg/L, which did not exceed the water quality standards (0.1 mg/L), and the overall average concentration was very low at 0.0044 mg/L.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.463-468
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• 2013

Background: Body image dissatisfaction among breast cancer survivors has been associated with psychological stress resultant from breast cancer and resultant surgery. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Malay Version of the Breast-Impact of Treatment Scale (MVBITS) and to investigate the associations of retained factors with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Materials and Methods: The MVBITS was 'forward-backward' translated from English to Malay and then administered to 70 female breast cancer patients who came to the Oncology Clinic of University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to undergo chemotherapy. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was performed to explore the factor structure of the MVBITS. Associations of retained factors were estimated with reference to Spearman correlation coefficients. Results: The internal consistency reliability of MVBITS was good (Cronbach's alpha 0.945) and showed temporal stability over a 3-week period. Principal component analysis suggested two factors termed as 'Intrusion' and 'Avoidance' domains. These factors explained 70.3% of the variance. Factor 1 comprised the effects of breast cancer treatment on the emotion and thought, while Factor 2 informed attempts to limit exposure of the body to self or others. The Factor 1 of MVBITS was positively correlated with total, depression and anxiety sub-scores of HADS. Factor 2 was positively correlated with total and anxiety sub-scores of HADS. MVBITS was also positively correlated with the RSES scores. Conclusions: The results showed that the Malay Version of Breast-Impact of Treatment Scale possesses satisfactory psychometric properties suggesting that this instrument is appropriate for assessment of body change stress among female breast cancer patients in Malaysia.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2012

To provide a basis for the variation of fruit bodies of winter mushroom (Flammulina velutipes), the organic acid composition of its fruit bodies was investigated with several varieties of winter mushroom indifferent temperature and storage period. In the fruit bodies of winter mushroom, a total of 10 organic acids including acetic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, DL-isocitric acid, L(+)lactic acid, D-malic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, and D-tartaric acid were detected. In the most of the winter mushroom, acetic acid was the main organic acid component and fumaric acid was the least included component. Acetic acid, which is a mono-carboxyl group of organic acid, is contained in different levels according to different varieties and different storage temperature. Butyric acid is extremely variable in its quantity, depending on variety and different storage temperature. In contrast, fumaric acid, which is a dicarboxyl group of organic acid, decreased in its quantity during storage with 1.5 mg/g. Especially, ASI 4149, 4166 varieties tend to differ in their quantity. Besides, malic acid is extremely variable in its quantity according to variety and storage temperature. Citric acid, a tri-carboxyl group of organic acid, increased in its quantity according to storage period, which enables us to efficiently manage storage period. Isocitric acid is also extremely variable in its quantity according to variety, storage temperature and storage period.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.108-120
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• 2020

From the perspective of the definition of pain, pain can be divided into emotional and sensory components, which originate from potential and actual tissue damage, respectively. The pharmacologic treatment of the emotional pain component includes antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. The anti-anxiety drugs have anti-anxious, sedative, and somnolent effects. The antipsychotics are effective in patients with positive symptoms of psychosis. On the other hand, the sensory pain component can be divided into nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are usually applied for somatic and visceral nociceptive pain, respectively; anticonvulsants and antidepressants are administered for the treatment of neuropathic pain with positive and negative symptoms, respectively. The NSAIDs, which inhibit the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects; however, they have a therapeutic ceiling. The adverse reactions (ADRs) of the NSAIDs include gastrointestinal problems, generalized edema, and increased bleeding tendency. The opioids, which bind to the opioid receptors, present an analgesic effect only, without anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, or ceiling effects. The ADRs of the opioids start from itching and nausea/vomiting to cardiovascular and respiratory depression, as well as constipation. The anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, related to sodium channel blockade, and gabapentin and pregabalin, related to calcium blockade. The antidepressants show their analgesic actions mainly through inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine. Most drugs, except NSAIDs, need an updose titration period. The principle of polypharmacy for analgesia in case of mixed components of pain is increasing therapeutic effects while reducing ADRs, based on the origin of the pain.