• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.899-907
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• 2023

Objective: The better understanding of laying pattern of birds is crucial for developing breed-specific proper breeding scheme and management. Methods: Daily egg production until 50 wk of age of six chicken breeds including one layer (White Leghorn, WL), three dual-purpose (Rhode Island Red, RIR; Columbian Plymouth Rock, CR; and Barred Plymouth Rock, BR), one synthetic dwarf (DY), and one indigenous (Beijing-You Chicken, BYC) were used to characterize their clutch traits and egg production. The age at first egg, egg number, average and maximum clutch length, pause length, and number of clutches and pauses were calculated accordingly. Results: The egg number and average clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were higher than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The numbers of clutches and pauses, and pause length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were lower than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The coefficient variations of clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (57.66%, 66.49%, 64.22%, and 55.35%, respectively) were higher than DY (41.84%) and BYC (36.29%), while the coefficient variations of egg number in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (9.10%, 9.97%, 10.82%, and 9.92%) were lower than DY (15.84%) and BYC (16.85%). The clutch length was positively correlated with egg number (r = 0.51 to 0.66; p<0.01), but not correlated with age at first egg in all breeds. Conclusion: The six breeds showed significant different clutch and egg production traits. Due to the selection history, the high and median productive layer breeds had higher clutch length than those of the less productive indigenous BYC. The clutch length is a proper selection criterion for further progress in egg production. The age at first egg, which is independent of clutch traits, is especially encouraged to be improved by selection in the BYC breed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.217-228
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• 2009

Data analysis applications typically aggregate data across many dimensions looking for unusual patterns in data. Even though such applications are usually possible with standard structured query language (SQL) queries, the queries may become very complex. A complex query may result in many scans of the base table, leading to poor performance. Because online analytical processing (OLAP) queries are usually complex, it is desired to define a new operator for aggregation, called the data cube or simply cube. Data cube supports OLAP tasks like aggregation and sub-totals. Many aggregate functions can be used to construct a data cube. Those functions can be classified into three categories, the distributive, the algebraic, and the holistic. It has been thought that the distributive functions such as SUM, COUNT, MAX, and MIN can be used to construct a data cube, and also the algebraic function such as AVG can be used if the function is replaced to an intermediate function. It is believed that even though AVG is not distributive, but the intermediate function (SUM, COUNT) is distributive, and AVG can certainly be computed from (SUM, COUNT). In this paper, however, it is found that the intermediate function (SUM COUNT) cannot be applied to OLAP cubes, and consequently the function leads to erroneous conclusions and decisions. The objective of this study is to identify some problems in applying aggregate function AVG to OLAP cubes, and to design a process for solving these problems.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.449-459
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• 2023

The design and development of underground nuclear waste repositories should cover the performance evaluation of the different components such as the construction materials because the long term stability will depend on their response to the surrounding conditions. In South Korea, Gyeonju bentonite has been proposed as a candidate to be used as buffer and backfilling material, especially in the form of blocks to speed up the construction process. In this study, various cylindrical samples were prepared with different dry density and water content, and their physical and mechanical properties were analyzed and correlated with X-ray CT observations. The main objective was to characterize the samples and establish correlations for non-destructive estimation of physical and mechanical properties through the utilization of X-ray CT images. The results showed that the Uniaxial Compression Strength and the P-wave velocity have an increasing relationship with the dry density. Also, a higher water content increased the values of the measure parameters, especially for the P-wave velocity. The X-ray CT analysis indicated a clear relation between the mean CT value and the dry density, Uniaxial Compression Strength, and P-wave velocity. The effect of the higher water content was also captured by the mean CT value. Also, the relationship between the mean CT value and the dry density was used to plot CT dry densities using CT images only. Moreover, the histograms also provided information about the samples heterogeneity through the histograms' full width at half maximum values. Finally, the particle size and heterogeneity were also analyzed using the Madogram function. This function identified small particles in uniform samples and large particles in some samples as a result of poor mixing during preparation. Also, the μ_max value correlated with the heterogeneity, and higher values represented samples with larger ranges of CT values or particle densities. These image-based tools have been shown to be useful on the non-destructive characterization of bentonite samples, and the establishment of correlations to obtain physical and mechanical parameters solely from CT images.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-94
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• 2023

This study analyzes the system and operational status of regional documentation programs conducted by local governments and aims to propose considerations for the sustainability of regional documentation programs. With the government's balanced national development policy, the city or culture departments of local governments promoted regional documentation programs as part of their urban and cultural policies. Each local government enacted landscape ordinances and the ordinances concerning the establishment and operation of urban historical and cultural archives and promoted urban regeneration projects. Based on this, local governments performed urban landscape documentation, urban historical and cultural archives, and urban regeneration project documentation. Consequently, this study compared and analyzed ordinance enactment, budget, acquisition, management, and utilization of records for a total of 55 cases. The study has found that legislation is an essential factor in the sustainability of local governments' regional documentation programs. In addition, it suggested that regional documentation programs should evaluate the performance of programs, ensure residents' participation, and create digital archives to secure the budget continuously. This study is significant because it evaluates the overall regional documentation cases of local government city or culture departments as part of the city or culture policy rather than a specific region or case and presents more objective and general considerations for sustainability

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.214-222
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• 2022

It is important to realize employment equality to fulfill corporate social responsibility. The most suitable indicator for assessing its performance is the gender wage gap. Korea is considered the country with the most severe gender wage gap among OECD member countries, however, studies on the gender wage gap have been mainly attempted to explain in terms of the structure of the labor market, government policies, etc. This study focus on the characteristics of CEO and HR systems among the characteristics of organizations affecting the gender wage gap. The management philosophy sets the direction of organizational decision-making and activates the system. In addition, the HR system enables fair and objective organizational management for members through rules and procedures. However, even in organizations seeking rationalization, minority people may experience discrimination. Moreover, the rational HR system may act as a mechanism to justify discrimination, contrary to existing intentions. This study proposes that in order for the rational HR system to work positively, it must be based on the management philosophy. In other words, it is intended to derive a mechanism that can alleviate the gender wage gap from the integrated perspective of the characteristics of the CEO and the rational HR system. In particular, it aims to provide specific implications for how the organization should operate the HR system by examining the gender wage gap based on internal factors of companies that utilize manpower.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.2A
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• pp.169-176
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• 2010

Generally, poly-urea is widely used as waterproof coating material due to its superior adhesiveness, elongation capacity, and permeability resistance. In addition, it can be quickly and easily applied on structure surfaces using spray application. Since it hardens in about 30 seconds after application, its construction efficiency is very high and its usage as a special functional material is also excellent. However, currently, poly-urea is mostly used as waterproof coating material and the researches on its usage as a retrofitting material is lacking at best. Therefore, basic studies on the use of poly-urea as a general structural retrofitting material are needed urgently. The objective of this study is to develop most optimum poly-urea composition for structure retrofitting purpose. Moreover, the structural strengthening capacity of the developed poly-urea is evaluated through flexural capacity experiments on RC beams and RC slabs. From the results of the flexural test of poly-urea strengthened RC beam and slab specimens, the poly-urea and concrete specimen showed monolithic behavior where ductility and ultimate strength of the poly-urea strengthened specimen showed slight increase. However, the doubly reinforced specimens with FRP sheet and poly-urea showed lower capacity than that of the specimen reinforced only with FRP sheet.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1327-1339
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• 2022

Objective: Fat deposition in poultry is an important factor in production performance and meat quality research. miRNAs also play important roles in regulating adipocyte differentiation process. This study was to investigate the expression patterns of miRNAs in duck adipocytes after differentiation and explore the role of miR-214 in regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferases 2 (CPT2) gene expression during duck adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Successful systems for the isolation, culture, and induction of duck primary fat cells was developed in the experiment. Using Illumina next-generation sequencing, the miRNAs libraries of duck adipocytes were established. miRanda was used to predict differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and their target genes. The expression patterns of miR-214 and CPT2 during the differentiation were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the specific regions of CPT2 targeted by miR-214. We used a miR-214 over-expression strategy in vitro to further investigate its effect on differentiation process and CPT2 gene transcription. Results: There were 481 miRNAs identified in duck adipocytes, included 57 DE miRNA candidates. And the 1,046 targets genes of DE miRNAs were mainly involved in p53 signaling, FoxO signaling, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. miR-214 and CPT2 showed contrasting expression patterns before and after differentiation, and they were selected for further research. The expression of miR-214 was decreased during the first 3 days of duck adipocytes differentiation, and then increased, while the expression of CPT2 increased both in the transcriptional and protein level. The luciferase assay suggested that miR-214 targets the 3'untranslated region of CPT2. Overexpression of miR-214 not only promoted the formation of lipid droplets but also decreased the protein abundance of CPT2. Conclusion: Current study reports the expression profile of miRNAs in duck adipocytes differentiated for 4 days. And miR-214 has been proved to have the regulator potential for fat deposition in duck.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.3-39
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• 2023

With the growing importance of information/information system, information security is emphasized, and the significance of information security audit as a tool for maintaining the proper security level is increasing as well. The objectives of the study are to identify the overall research trends and to propose future research areas by analyzing domestic and overseas research in the area. To achieve the objectives, 103 research papers were analyzed based on both general and subject-related criteria. The following are the major research results : In terms of research approach, more empirical studies are needed; For subject "Auditor," studies to develop a framework for related variables (e.g., capability) are needed; For subject "Audit Activities/Procedures," future research should focus on the process/results of detailed audit activities; Future domestic research for "Audit Areas" should look for the new technology/industry/security areas covered by foreign studies; For "Audit Objective/Impact," studies to define the variables (e.g., performance and quality) systematically and comprehensively are needed; For "Audit Standard/Guidelines," research on model/guideline needs to be continued.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1853-1859
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of different types of xanthophyll extracted from marigold on the growth performance, skin color, and carcass pigmentation. Methods: A total of 192 healthy 60-day-old yellow-feathered broilers weighing an average of 1,279±81 g were randomly allocated to 4 groups, each with 6 replicates and 8 broilers. The 4 treatments were as follows: i) CON group, fed with basal diet; ii) LTN group, supplemented with lutein; iii) MDP group, supplemented with monohydroxyl pigment including dehydrated lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and α-cryptoxanthin; iv) LTN+MDP group, supplemented with lutein and monohydroxyl pigment in proportion to 1:1. The supplementary content of LTN, MDP, and LTN+MDP was 2 g/kg. Skin color was measured after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of feeding the dietary treatments. The breast, thigh, and abdominal fat of slaughtered chickens were stored in cold storage at 4℃ for 24 hours and then the meat color of lightness (L^*), redness (a^*), and yellowness (b^*) values was determined. Results: The results showed that all treatments enhanced the yellow scores of subwing skin on day 14, 21, and 28 (p<0.05), and the mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment promoted the yellow scores of shanks on day 14, 21, and 28 (p<0.05). The mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment increased the yellow scores of beaks and all treatments enhanced the yellow of shanks on day 28 (p<0.05). In addition, all treatments improved the yellow (b^*) values of breast and thigh muscle, moreover, the monohydroxyl pigment and the mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment enhanced the values of redness (a^*) and yellow (b^*) of abdominal fat (p<0.05). Conclusion: In summary, different types of xanthophyll extracted from marigold significantly increased the yellow scores of skin color and the yellow (b^*) values of carcass pigmentation. Especially, the mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment was more efficient on skin color.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.952-961
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• 2024

Objective: Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined. Methods: A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m²), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m²) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m²). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis. Results: The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks.